Treasures from three centuries can be seen at the James River Plantations along
Virginia's scenic Route 5 in Charles City County. The county, strategically located between the
James and Chickahominy Rivers and close to the colonial capitals of Jamestown
and Williamsburg, was the first westward expansion of English-speaking
America. It was established in 1619 and
its plantations and farms along the James River have survived the Revolutionary
War, the War of 1812 and the War Between the States. The county's gracious manor houses, all
privately owned and preserved National Register properties, are open for
visitors to experience and enjoy.
Charles City has been home to Indians and early settlers, planters,
signers of the Declaration of Independence, Presidents, slaves, emancipators
and free blacks, educators and agriculturalists. Descendants of these significant figures in
American history still live in the county today. Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration
of Independence, and Presidents William Henry Harrison and John Tyler were born
and lived here. General Robert E. Lee
spent much of his childhood here.
Agriculturist Edmund Ruffin, who fired the first shot of the Civil War,
practiced his innovative techniques on Charles City soil. Lott Cary, the first black American
missionary to Africa and founding father of Liberia, was born here. One of the first free black communities in
America was located in Charles City, as well as the third oldest organized free
black church. http://www.jamesriverplantations.org/
Getting around Greenwich Village
isn't easy. Because the Village was once a rural hamlet,
and not a part of New York City, its street layout does not conform to the
formal grid standards of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. To make matters worse, the streets in the
Village, unlike most of those in northern Manhattan, are named rather than
numbered. Greenwich Village is bounded by: W 14st Street on the North; W Houston Street
on the South; the Hudson River on the West; Broadway on the East See map at https://www.nyctourist.com/map_gvillage.htm
Little
Italy is a
general name for an ethnic enclave populated
primarily by Italians or people of Italian ancestry, usually in
an urban neighborhood. The concept of "Little Italy" holds
many different aspects of the Italian culture.
There are shops selling Italian goods as well as Italian restaurants
lining the streets. Find a list of
Little Italys around the world at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Italy
Sea salt is
produced through evaporation of ocean water or water from saltwater lakes,
usually with little processing. Depending on the water source, this
leaves behind certain trace minerals and elements. The minerals add
flavor and color to sea salt, which also comes in a variety of coarseness
levels. Table salt is typically mined from underground salt
deposits. Table salt is more heavily processed to eliminate minerals and
usually contains an additive to prevent clumping. Most table salt also
has added iodine, an essential nutrient that helps maintain a healthy thyroid.
Sea salt and table salt have the same basic nutritional value, despite the fact
that sea salt is often promoted as being healthier. Sea salt and table
salt contain comparable amounts of sodium by weight. http://www.mayoclinic.org/sea-salt/expert-answers/faq-20058512
Collage derives its name from the French
verb coller, to
glue. The work of art is made by gluing
things to the surface. Collage became an
art form during the Synthetic Cubist period of Picasso and Braque. At first, Pablo Picasso glued oil cloth to
his surface of Still
Life with Chair Caning in May of 1912. He glued a rope around the edge of the oval
canvas. Georges Braque then glued
imitation wood-grained wallpaper to his Fruit
Dish and Glass(September 1912).
Braque's work is called papier collé (glued or
pasted paper), a specific type of collage.
http://arthistory.about.com/od/glossary_c/a/c_collage.htm
Which Planets Are the Gas Planets? by Lisa Dorward There are four planets in our solar system
that are collectively known as the “gas giants,” a term coined by the
twentieth-century science fiction writer James Blish. They are also called “Jovians,” as Jove is
the Latin name for Jupiter, the largest
of the four. The gas planets are made up
almost entirely of gases, primarily hydrogen and helium. While they might have
near-solid inner cores of molten heavy metals, they have thick outer layers of
liquid and gaseous molecular hydrogen and helium and metallic hydrogen. Jupiter's
mass is 318 times greater than Earth's. Jupiter’s magnetic field is 20,000
times stronger than Earth’s and it has the strongest radio emissions of any
planet in the solar system. Jupiter is
surrounded by a thin ring of dark material and as of April 2011 has 63 known
moons in orbit around it, the largest of which are Io, Europa, Ganymede and
Calliso. Saturn has the lowest density of any planet in our solar
system. It has a rocky core composed of
liquid metallic hydrogen and elements consistent with the primordial solar
nebula (gaseous cloud) that formed the solar system. Saturn’s most prominent
feature is its rings, first observed by Galileo in 1610. Uranus is the only gas giant with its
equator at a right angle to its orbit.
It was also the first planet to be discovered through a telescope. It has 13 known rings that are dark and
composed of dust and particles up to 10 meters in diameter. Uranus has 5 large moons as well as 10
smaller ones that were discovered by the Voyager 2 probe. The methane in Uranus’s upper atmosphere is
what gives the planet its blue color. Neptune’s existence was the first to be
predicted by mathematical calculations before the planet was actually
seen. Neptune's mass is approximately 17
times greater than Earth’s. Its winds
can reach up to 2,000 km per hour, the fastest in the solar system. Like Uranus, Neptune appears blue due to the
methane in its atmosphere, but Neptune also has vivid blue clouds; it is not
known what gives the clouds their color.
Like all the other gas giants, Neptune has rings. Prior to images from Voyager 2, these rings
were only visible from Earth as faint, dark arcs. Neptune has 13 known moons, the largest of
which is Triton. Triton is the only
large moon in the solar system that orbits its planet in the opposite direction
of its planet’s rotation. http://sciencing.com/planets-gas-planets-8392334.html
A gas giant,
also known as a jovian planet after
the planet Jupiter, gaseous giant, or giant planet, is a large planet which has
at least ten times the mass of Earth, located in the outer solar system. Unlike terrestrial planets whose
composition is rocky, gas giants have a mostly gaseous composition, such as
hydrogen and helium. They do have some
rocky material, although this is most often found in the planet core. The four gas giants are (in order of distance
from the Sun): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Astronomers sometimes categorize Uranus and
Neptune as “ice giants” because their composition differs from Jupiter and
Saturn. This is because they are mostly
composed of water, ammonia, and methane.
https://theplanets.org/gas-giants/
A terrestrial planet, also known as a telluric planet or rocky planet is defined as a planet that is
composed primarily silicate rocks or metals.
In our solar system, the terrestrial planets are the
inner planets, the ones closest to the Sun. Terrestrial and telluric are from the Latin
words for Earth (Terra and Tellus)
because these planets composition is similar to that of the Earth. The four terrestrial planets are (in order of
distance from the Sun): Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Other than Earth,
it is believed that the conditions on Mars are the most hospitable for
life. It may have had life there in the
past, and there may still be life on Mars today. The extreme conditions on Mercury and Venus
are too harsh to sustain and nurture life.
https://theplanets.org/terrestrial-planets/
Feedback FYI,
Sept. 5 will be the 40th anniversary of the launch of Voyager 1,
which is still operational. I heard that a few years ago, its
manufacturer, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, offered to extend its warranty
provided it’s returned to their facility for repair. Thank you, Muse reader!
Chocolate Giant Ferrero to Look for Innovation at
Cornell Tech: Italian manufacturer of sweets and chocolates
is setting up an innovation outpost at Cornell University’s technology campus
on Roosevelt Island in New York City by Keiko Morris Global chocolate giant Ferrero International
S.A. plans to bring its open innovation science division to the Bridge at
Cornell Tech, according to Forest City New York, which developed and manages
the commercial building. Ferrero will
join investment firm Two Sigma Investments LP and Citigroup Inc. at the
building, which is set to open in September 2017 as part of the first phase of
the $2 billion campus. Ferrero will take 4,200 square feet of space at the
Bridge. Cornell Tech will occupy about
39% of the 230,000 square-foot building, which features a grand staircase in
the lobby, an entrance area with plenty of spots to socialize and a rooftop
common area with 360-degree views of New York City. http://www.cetusnews.com/news/Chocolate-Giant-Ferrero-Teams-Up-With-Cornell-University-.BkXIa0YxKb.html
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