Tuesday, June 16, 2015

From a Muse reader:  A friend just told me that there were eight Presidents of the United States before Washington.  Apparently, he was right.  After the Revolutionary War but before the U.S. Constitution was ratified (i.e., when the Articles of Confederation ruled the land), eight men served in an unpaid, mostly procedural role.  http://www.constitution.org/hist/first8pres.htm   
This begs another question:  Once the Constitution was ratified, was George Washington appointed President or elected?  Neither of us can remember hearing anything about the first presidential election or whom Washington would've beat out for the office.  Can you shed any light on this?  
From the Muser:   I used this search in Google:  "george washington" elected appointed.  There were 589,000 results in 0.65 seconds , and here is the first one:  On February 4, 1789, 69 members of Congress cast their ballots to elect George Washington the first president of the United States.  As the former leader of the Continental Army and chairman of the Continental Congress, Washington possessed the necessary credentials for the presidency, if not the enthusiasm.  After months of appearing to sidestep, and even outright rejecting the idea of assuming the presidency, Washington reluctantly accepted Congress’ decision.  Runner-up John Adams became Washington’s vice president.  http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/george-washington-is-elected-president  NOTE that using the search "george washington" elected gave about 8,520,000 results in 0.58 seconds, and the same answer came up first. 

Countries and their flags by Mark Rogers  Thailand and Costa Rica are on opposite sides of the world, yet their flags are the same—with reversed colours.  The flag of Poland is the reverse of Indonesia and Monaco, which are identical.  Singapore is also the same except that it has a moon and stars.  The flags of Italy and Mexico are almost the same except Mexico has a decoration in the middle.  Ireland is also close except that it ends with orange instead of red.  Côte d’Ivoire is the reverse of Ireland.  Read more and see pictures of the flags at  http://www.newsonaut.com/countries-with-almost-nothing-in-common-but-their-flags

What's the Difference Between Jail and Prison? b Deanne Katz   The terms are often used interchangeably, but there's a difference.  Whether a criminal is being held in jail or prison says something about the crime committed and the stage in the process.  The way inmates are treated also differs between the two.  Despite the differences, people confuse the terms all the time because they don't realize what each one means.  Do you know how to tell them apart?  The major difference between whether a convict stays in jail or prison is the length of the sentence.  A jail is a temporary holding facility.  It's used to hold people who have been recently arrested or people who are charged with a crime and unable to pay bond or bail.  It can also house people who are given short sentences, generally one year or less.  By contrast a prison is designed for long-term confinement.  The majority of convicted criminals serve their sentences in a prison.

SPOX is an acronym that can mean spokesperson or smallpox.  http://www.acronymfinder.com/SPOX.html

digit  noun  1.  (a)  any of the Arabic numerals 1 to 9 and usually the symbol 0   (b)  one of the elements that combine to form numbers in a system other than the decimal system   2.  a unit of length based on the breadth of a finger and equal in English measure to 34 inch  3.  any of the divisions in which the limbs of most vertebrates terminate, which are typically five in number but may be reduced (as in the horse), and which typically have a series of phalanges bearing a nail, claw, or hoof at the tip   

A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer.  A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.  Although computers usually provide instructions that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes.  In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte.  The value of a bit is usually stored as either above or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single capacitor within a memory device.  Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble.  In some systems, the term octet is used for an eight-bit unit instead of byte.  In many systems, four eight-bit bytes or octets form a 32-bit word.  In such systems, instruction lengths are sometimes expressed as full-word (32 bits in length) or half-word (16 bits in length).  In telecommunication, the bit rate is the number of bits that are transmitted in a given time period, usually a second.  http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/bit-binary-digit

"Goth Girl" author and illustrator Chris Riddell was named Britain's new Children's Laureate on June 9, 2015 and said he would like to use to the post to encourage children to draw as well as read.  Riddell, whose books feature finely detailed, humorous illustrations bursting with life, said he wanted to unleash children's imagination.  "I want to put the joy of creativity, of drawing every day, of having a go and being surprised at what one can achieve with just a pencil and an idea at the heart of my term as Laureate," he said in a statement.  His "Goth Girl the Ghost of a Mouse" is a parody of a gothic novel and won the 2013 Costa Book Awards in the children's category.  Riddell said he wanted to use his two years as Children's Laureate, run by the charity Book Trust, to explore ways of bringing words and pictures together.  "I'm interested in illustration in all its forms... as a way of drawing people into books and stories," he said.  Like previous laureates such as Michael Rosen and "Gruffalo" author Julia Donaldson, Riddell said he would champion the role of reading in schools.  "I want to help and encourage every school to do more for readers: if they have nowhere to read, create a space with a few books; if they have a bookshelf, have two; if they have a reading room, aim for a library."  Simon Falush 


Bloomsday is named in honor of Leopold Bloom, whose adventures on June 16, 1904, are immortalized in Irish author James Joyce’s epic novel Ulysses.  This complicated and legendary classic, published in 1922 was named the best English-language novel of the 20th century by the board of the Modern Library publishing house.  It covers the itinerary of the day:  a trip to the butcher shop and lunch at Davy Byrne’s pub, and the rest of Bloom’s various meanderings and interactions.  The myriad details and minutiae of a life are all provided, and elevated, as we follow Leopold Bloom on his odyssey through Dublin.  Bloomsday activities in that city are particularly sought out by devotees of Ulysses, who can take tours that retrace Bloom’s path.  In Hungary, too, where the character’s father was born, there are celebrations.  Trieste, Italy, also hosts events; Joyce and his family used to live there, and the city is home to a museum honoring the author.  The Toledo Museum of Art is hosting a public reading of Ulysses beginning at noon June 16 and continuing through June 21.  (For more information, including the schedule, go to toledomuseum.org/calendar or call 419-255-8000.)  Museum director Brian Kennedy will lead off the marathon, with many others scheduled to read aloud in 30-minute blocks over the course of the 32 hours.  Find recipes including Gorgonzola sandwich,  Irish peas with mint, soda bread, and Banbury cakes at http://www.toledoblade.com/Food/2015/06/16/A-Bloomsday-feast.html


http://librariansmuse.blogspot.com  Issue 1311  June 16, 2015  On this date in 1903, Roald Amundsen began the first east-west navigation of the Northwest Passage, leaving Oslo, Norway.  On this date in 1904, Irish author James Joyce began a relationship with Nora Barnacle and subsequently used the date to set the actions for his novel Ulysses; this date is now traditionally called "Bloomsday".

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