The globe artichoke is a member of the thistle branch of the Aster or Daisy family, Asteraceae.  The edible part of the plant is its immature flower.  The Jerusalem artichoke differs from the globe artichoke in every detail.  Noah Webster, in his Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806), defined artichoke as "a garden vegetable, a sunflower."  He did not include any place-names, so it is not listed under Jerusalem.  The latter word, as applied to this vegetable, may be an English corruption (mistranslation-plus-mispronunciation) of the Italian name for sunflower, girasole.  The "Jerusalem artichoke" is also known as a "sunchoke," clearly a union of the first syllable of sunflower with the second of artichoke.  The scientific name for the Jerusalem artichoke is Helianthus tuberosus, Latin for "sunflower with a lumpy root."  It is a member of the Sunflower branch of the family Asteraceae.  

http://lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=1925

If you want your writing to have professional polish, resist the urge to hyphenate prefixes.  In American English, words with prefixes are generally made solid {codefendant, nonstatutory, pretrial}.  Modern usage omits most hyphens after prefixes even when it results in a doubled letter {misspell, posttrial, preemption, reelection}.  But there are several exceptions.  Use a hyphen in the following circumstances: 
(1)  When there may be an ambiguity in meaning or a miscue that could cause confusion {re-lease when you mean "leasing again," not "letting go"; or re-sign when you mean "to sign again," not "to quit"}. 
(2)  When the main word is a proper noun {non-Darwinian, un-American, pre-Christmas} or a numeral {pre-1960};
(3)  When the prefix is part of a noun phrase {non-air-conditioned tent, pre-third-quarter earnings, pro-free-trade};
(4)  When the solid form might lead the reader to mistake the syllables {anti-inflammatory, co-obligor, non-insider, post-sentencing, pro-life}; and
(5)  With the prefixes self- {self-serving}, all- {all-consuming}, ex- {ex-president}, and quasi- {quasi-contract}.  Garner's Usage Tip of the Day  http://www.lawprose.org/blog/?p=2522  Thanks, Jeff.

Janus words have opposite or contradictory meanings.  From the Latin Janus, the Roman god of gates and doorways and of beginnings and endings, the god who faces both ways.  Also known as antilogy, contronym, contranym, autantonym, auto-antonym, or contradictanym.  http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/Januswordterm.htm

The title of oldest public university in the United States is claimed by three universities: the University of Georgia, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and The College of William & Mary.  Each has a distinct basis for the claim, with Georgia being the first to receive a charter to function as public university, North Carolina being the first to open to the public, and William & Mary having the oldest founding date of any currently public university.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_public_university_in_the_United_States

First university in the United States is a status asserted by more than one U.S. university.  In the U.S. there is no official definition of what entitles an institution to be considered a university versus a college, and the common understanding of "university" has evolved over time.  Harvard University, founded in 1636, claims itself to be "the oldest institution of higher education in the United States".  The claim of being "the first university" has been made on its behalf by others.  The University of Pennsylvania considers itself to be America's first university, a title it claims on its website and in other published materials.  The university has published a book about being the first university in America, and its website contains numerous instances of the phrase "America's First University."  The College of William and Mary's website states, "The College of William and Mary was the first college to become a university (1779).  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_university_in_the_United_States

kith:  one’s friends, acquaintances, and relations  Old English cȳth, of Germanic origin; related to couth.  The original senses were 'knowledge,' 'one's native land,' and 'friends and neighbors'.    The phrase kith and kin originally denoted one's country and relatives; later one's friends and relatives.  http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/kith

The Congressional Budget Office's analyses of the health care legislation considered during the 111th Congress began in early 2009 and continued past the enactment of the Affordable Care Act (which consists of P.L. 111-148 as amended by P.L. 111-152) in March 2010.   

http://www.cbo.gov/latest/Health-Care/Affordable-Care-Act

Analysis of the CBO report on ACA at LA Times http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-mh-cbo-20140204,0,3106578.story#axzz2sY55PjvZ and Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cbo-botched-health-care-law-rollout-will-reduce-signups-by-1-million-people/2014/02/04/c78577d0-8dac-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html

The Olympic symbols are icons, flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee to promote the Olympic Games.  The Olympic Movement is very protective of its symbols; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings, and usage of the word "Olympic".  They have taken action against numerous groups seen to have violated this trademark.  See images and read about mottos, anthems, medals, salutes and flags (Antwerp, Oslo, Seoul and Singapore) at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_symbols#Oslo_flag

Some 5,000 cups of Greek yogurt from Team USA sponsor Chobani isn't getting to Sochi because of a customs dispute with Russia.  U.S. halfpipe skier Aaron Blunck said Friday that to traveling athletes, getting food from home is part of feeling fit and healthy.  But teammate Lyman Currier said part of being an elite athlete is dealing with the unexpected.  "We all have different routines before competing but I think that part of the sport is adapting," he said.  The  U.S. Ski Team is not staying in the athletes' village in Krasnaya Polyana in the mountains above Sochi.  The Americans have their own place, with their own food and private chefs.  U.S. Alpine skiers Steven Nyman and Marco Sullivan said they were fine without yogurt.  "Our setup's pretty good.  I can get my Greek yogurt when I get back home," Nyman said.  Russian authorities say the U.S. Department of Agriculture has refused to provide a certificate that is required for dairy products under its customs rules.  "American officials know what the requirements are, and I do not understand why they stood to the side and waited until the situation reached this point," said Alexei Alexeyenko, an official at the Russian Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance.  "This question can be resolved very quickly."  U.S. Sen. Charles Schumer this week implored the Russians to let the shipment through and said export trade rules should have nothing to do with it, since the yogurt isn't for sale and is to be eaten only by U.S. citizens in Sochi.  U.S. Ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul said Friday the trade dispute goes back four years and that he's been working on it ever since he arrived as ambassador in 2012.  Karl Ritter  http://www.seattlepi.com/news/world/article/Yogurt-spat-throws-off-routines-of-Sochi-Olympians-5213605.php

Issue 1107  February 7, 2014  On this date in 1497, the bonfire of the vanities occurs in which supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burned thousands of objects like cosmetics, art, and books in Florence, Italy.