Collage derives its name from the French verb coller, to glue.  The work of art is made by gluing things to the surface.  Collage became an art form during the Synthetic Cubist period of Picasso and Braque.  At first, Pablo Picasso glued oil cloth to his surface of Still Life with Chair Caning in May of 1912.  He glued a rope around the edge of the oval canvas.  Georges Braque then glued imitation wood-grained wallpaper to his Fruit Dish and Glass(September 1912). Braque's work is called papier collé (glued or pasted paper), a specific type of collage.  During the Dada movement, Hannah Höch (German, 1889-1978) glued bits of photographs from magazines and advertising in such works as Cut with a Kitchen Knife, (1919-20).  Fellow Dadaist Kurt Schwitters (German, 1887-1948) also glued bits of paper he found in newspapers, advertisements and other discarded matter beginning in 1919.  Schwitters called his collages and assemblages Merzbilder, a word derived from the German word "Kommerz" (Commerce, as in banking) which had been on a fragment of an advertisement in his first work, and bilder ("pictures").  The exclusive use of photos in collage is called photomontage.

http://arthistory.about.com/od/glossary_c/a/c_collage.htm

Empathy and Sympathy--the difference  The noun empathy denotes the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.  The noun sympathy denotes feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune.   Find examples of usage at http://www.grammar-monster.com/easily_confused/empathy_sympathy.htm  See also http://www.diffen.com/difference/Empathy_vs_Sympathy

The prefix em means into.  The prefix sym means with.  Prefixes that show direction or position:  circum- and peri- mean around; co-, col-, com-, con-, cor-, sym- and syn- mean with; ec-, er- and ex- mean out of; em-, en-, im- and in- mean into; infra-, hypo- and sub- means below, under; pre- and pro- mean in front of; super- means above or over; trans- means across or over.  http://www.write.com/writing-resources-articles/general-writing/mechanics/prefixes/

The suffix "pathy" is from "pathos" (feeling or disease) spoken by people of Greece starting about 1000 B.C.  http://myword.info/definition.php?id=pathy_1-a

Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid.  Powdered borax is white, consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve easily in water.  Borax has a wide variety of uses.  It is a component of many detergents, cosmetics, and enamel glazes.  It is also used to make buffer solutions in biochemistry, as a fire retardant, as an anti-fungal compound for fiberglass, as a flux in metallurgy, neutron-capture shields for radioactive sources, a texturing agent in cooking, and as a precursor for other boron compounds.  The term borax is used for a number of closely related minerals or chemical compounds that differ in their crystal water content, but usually refers to the decahydrate.  Commercially sold borax is usually partially dehydrated.  The word borax is from Arabic būraq meaning "white"; which is from Middle Persian bwrk, which might have meant potassium nitrate or another fluxing agent, now known as būrah.  Borax was first discovered in dry lake beds in Tibet and was imported via the Silk Road to Arabia.  Borax first came into common use in the late 19th century when Francis Marion Smith's Pacific Coast Borax Company began to market and popularize a large variety of applications under the famous 20 Mule Team Borax trademark, named for the method by which borax was originally hauled out of the California and Nevada deserts in large enough quantities to make it cheap and commonly available.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax

rucksack:  knapsack  German, from German dialect, from Rucken back + Sack sack

First Known Use:  1879  http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rucksack

knapsack:  a bag (as of canvas or nylon) strapped on the back and used for carrying supplies or personal belongings  Low German knappsack or Dutch knapzak, from Low German & Dutch knappen to make a snapping noise, eat + Low German sack or Dutch zak sack

First Known Use:  1603  http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/knapsack

Follow-up on one of the "18 Bookstores Every Book Lover Must Visit At Least Once"  John K. King Used & Rare Books is Michigan’s largest used & rare bookstore, and one of the largest bookstores in the country.  Our main store in downtown Detroit actually consists of two buildings:  a four story bookstore in an old glove factory where most of our stock is kept, and another building directly behind (once the Otis Elevator Building) with offices, storage, a large collection of Art books, and a Rare Book Room.  The Rare Book Room and Art book area are open by appointment only.  However, the books in the Rare Book Room (some 20-30,000 books) are available for browsing and purchase on our website, www.rarebooklink.com.  While the main store stock is not on a database or website, it is organized by subject and author within the store for easy shopping.  If you cannot make it to our store to browse for a certain title, please email us at kingbooks@aol.com, and we can have someone check our shelves for you.  We also have two other stores within the Detroit area:  The Big Bookstore at 5911 Cass Avenue, near Wayne State University in Detroit (313-831-8511), and, John King Books North at 22524 Woodward Avenue, just south of Nine Mile Road in Ferndale, Michigan (248-548-9050). Neither of those stores has its stock on a database, either, but the staff will be happy to check if you call in your requests.  Find hours of operation at all three stores at http://www.rarebooklink.com/cgi-bin/kingbooks/index.html

Feb. 24, 2014  Scientists using two different age-determining techniques have shown that a tiny zircon crystal found on a sheep ranch in western Australia is the oldest known piece of our planet, dating to 4.4 billion years ago.  Writing in the journal Nature Geoscience on Sunday, the researchers said the discovery indicates that Earth's crust formed relatively soon after the planet formed and that the little gem was a remnant of it.  John Valley, a University of Wisconsin geoscience professor who led the research, said the findings suggest that the early Earth was not as harsh a place as many scientists have thought.  To determine the age of the zircon fragment, the scientists first used a widely accepted dating technique based on determining the radioactive decay of uranium to lead in a mineral sample.  But because some scientists hypothesized that this technique might give a false date due to possible movement of lead atoms within the crystal over time, the researchers turned to a second sophisticated method to verify the finding.  They used a technique known as atom-probe tomography that was able to identify individual atoms of lead in the crystal and determine their mass, and confirmed that the zircon was indeed 4.4 billion years old.  To put that age in perspective, the Earth itself formed 4.5 billion years ago as a ball of molten rock, meaning that its crust formed relatively soon thereafter, 100 million years later.  The age of the crystal also means that the crust appeared just 160 million years after the very formation of the solar system.  The finding supports the notion of a "cool early Earth" where temperatures were low enough to sustain oceans, and perhaps life, earlier than previously thought, Valley said.  This period of Earth history is known as the Hadean eon, named for ancient Greek god of the underworld Hades because of hellish conditions including meteorite bombardment and an initially molten surface.  Will Dunham  http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-rt-us-science-rock-20140223,0,7077837.story

Issue 1115  February 26, 2014  On this date  in 1909,   Kinemacolor, the first successful color motion picture process, was first shown to the general public at the Palace Theatre in London.