Monday, March 4, 2013


The Original Seven Wonders of the World were: 
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Statue of Zeus at Olympia
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Colossus of Rhodes
Lighthouse of Alexandria
The list known today was compiled in the Middle Ages—by which time many of the sites were no longer in existence.Today, the only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza.  See  lists from other eras and recent lists:
3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers
3.2 New7Wonders Foundation
3.3 USA Today's New Seven Wonders
3.4 Seven Natural Wonders of the World
3.5 New7Wonders of Nature
3.6 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World
3.7 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World
3.8 Other lists of wonders of the world
4 Seven Wonders of the Solar System  plus images at:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wonders_of_the_world#Seven_Wonders_of_the_Solar_System

Women’s History Month in the United States grew out of a weeklong celebration of women’s contributions to culture, history and society organized by the school district of Sonoma, California, in 1978.  Presentations were given at dozens of schools, hundreds of students participated in a “Real Woman” essay contest and a parade was held in downtown Santa Rosa.  A few years later, the idea had caught on within communities, school districts and organizations across the country.  In 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued the first presidential proclamation declaring the week of March 8 as National Women's History Week.  The U.S. Congress followed suit the next year, passing a resolution establishing a national celebration.  Six years later, the National Women’s History Project successfully petitioned Congress to expand the event to the entire month of March.  http://www.history.com/topics/womens-history-month  
 
Announcing the Theme for National Women's History Month March 2013
After considering over 100 ideas and suggestions sent in by our amazing supporters, we are proud to announce the theme for National Women's History Month 2013:  Women Inspiring Innovation Through Imagination:  Celebrating Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics  Congratulations to Debra Kolsrud of Johnstown, NY who created the theme!  http://www.nwhp.org/whm/index.php    

Mini-libraries are letting storm-shattered neighborhoods turn the page on Hurricane Sandy.
Bright orange boxes filled with up to 100 books have popped up outside flooded branches that remain closed in Coney Island, Gerritsen Beach, and Red Hook.  The lit-depots are a venture of Urban Librarians Unite, an advocacy group that said it wanted to bring Sandy-soaked Brooklyn the joys of the written word, creating a veritable reading rainbow in the aftermath of the storm.  See picture at:  http://www.brooklyndaily.com/stories/2013/7/all_minilibraries_2013_02_15_bk.html

What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?  Would best-selling novelist Len Deighton care to take a walk?  It was 1968, and the IBM technician who serviced Deighton’s typewriters had just heard from Deighton’s personal assistant, Ms. Ellenor Handley, that she had been retyping chapter drafts for his book in progress dozens of times over.  IBM had a machine that could help, the technician mentioned.  They were being used in the new ultramodern Shell Centre on the south bank of the Thames, not far from his Merrick Square home.  A few weeks later, Deighton stood outside his Georgian terrace home and watched as workers removed a window so that a 200-pound unit could be hoisted inside with a crane.  The machine was IBM’s MTST (Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter), sold in the European market as the MT72.  “Standing in the leafy square in which I lived, watching all this activity, I had a moment of doubt,” the author, now 84, told me in a recent email.  “I was beginning to think that I had chosen a rather unusual way to write books.”  Today, of course, many—surely most—fiction writers work with computers, laptops, and word processors just like the rest of us.  Literary scholarship generally credits Mark Twain’s Life on the Mississippi with being the first manuscript submitted to a publisher in typewritten form.  Would it be possible, I wondered when I began my research into the literary history of word processing a year and a half ago, to locate a corresponding first for the digital age?  The answer turns out to be the book Deighton published in 1970 with the aid of the MTST:  a curiously apropos novel about World War II, titled Bomber.  Matthew Kirschenbaum  Read much more at:   

Sinkholes are part of the slow, natural process of erosion in Florida’s limestone terrain that occur over thousands of years.  These common geologic phenomena generally occur where the limestone is within a few hundred feet of the land’s surface.  Though most are only 10 to 12 feet in diameter, sinkholes have been known to expand to hundreds of feet in diameter.  Many of central and north Florida’s lakes actually are the result of old sinkholes.  Rainfall percolating, or seeping, through the soil absorbs carbon dioxide and reacts with decaying vegetation, creating a slightly acidic water.  That water moves through spaces and cracks underground, slowly dissolving limestone and creating a network of cavities and voids.  As the limestone dissolves, pores and cracks are enlarged and carry even more acidic water.  Sinkholes are formed when the land surface above collapses or sinks into the cavities or when surface material is carried downward into the voids.  Drought, along with resulting high groundwater withdrawals, can make conditions favorable for sinkholes to form.  Also, heavy rains after droughts often cause enough pressure on the ground to create sinkholes.  Sinkholes can be triggered by human activities such as:  Overwithdrawal of groundwater, diverting surface water from a large area and concentrating it in a single point, artificially creating ponds of surface water, and drilling new water wells.  http://www.sjrwmd.com/watersupply/howsinkholesform.html  See also:  "Sinkholes are a fact of life in Florida."  http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/hazards/sinkholes.htm and "A sinkhole, also known as a sink, snake hole, swallow hole, swallet, doline, or cenote, is a natural depression or hole in the Earth's surface caused by karst processes — for example, the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffosion processes in sandstone."  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole   

Feb. 26, 2013  Scientists who decode the genetic history of humans by tracking how genes mutate have applied the same technique to one of the Western world's most ancient and celebrated texts to uncover the date it was first written.  The text is Homer's "Iliad," and Homer -- if there was such a person -- probably wrote it in 762 B.C., give or take 50 years, the researchers found. The "Iliad" tells the story of the Trojan War -- if there was such a war -- with Greeks battling Trojans.  The researchers accept the received orthodoxy that a war happened and someone named Homer wrote about it, said Mark Pagel, an evolutionary theorist at the University of Reading in England.  His collaborators include Eric Altschuler, a geneticist at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, in Newark, and Andreea S. Calude, a linguist also at Reading and the Sante Fe Institute in New Mexico.  They worked from the standard text of the epic poem.  The date they came up with fits the time most scholars think the "Iliad" was compiled, so the paper, published in the journal Bioessays, won't have classicists in a snit.  The study mostly affirms what they have been saying, that it was written around the eighth century B.C.  That geneticists got into such a project should be no surprise, Pagel said.  "Languages behave just extraordinarily like genes," Pagel said.  "It is directly analogous.  We tried to document the regularities in linguistic evolution and study Homer's vocabulary as a way of seeing if language evolves the way we think it does.  If so, then we should be able to find a date for Homer."  It is unlikely there ever was one individual man named Homer who wrote the "Iliad." Brian Rose, professor of classical studies and curator of the Mediterranean section at the University of Pennsylvania Museum, said it is clear the "Iliad" is a compilation of oral tradition going back to the 13th century B.C.  "It's an amalgam of lots of stories that seemed focused on conflicts in one particular area of northwestern Turkey," Rose said.  The story of the "Iliad" is well known, full of characters like Helen of Troy, Achilles, Paris, Agamemnon and a slew of gods and goddesses behaving badly.  It recounts how a gigantic fleet of Greek ships sailed across the "wine dark sea" to besiege Troy and regain a stolen wife. Its sequel is the "Odyssey."  Joel N. Shurkin  http://www.insidescience.org/content/geneticists-estimate-publication-date-iliad/946

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