It’s thanks to wine that vinegar exists.  It is the natural offspring.  It’s a fact:  leave a bottle of wine uncorked and it will become vinegar.  One finds traces of vinegar production in Egypt and in Mespotania more than 5000 years ago.  During the Roman age, as well as Greek age, the most common beverage was, for a very long time, water mixed with a light vinegar.  It was used for everything, not only as a refreshing drink, but also as a condiment.  It was flavoured with herbs, flowers or fruit.  It was also appreciated for the conservation of wild game and for its therapeutical properties.  It is no doubt that it is the very first natural antibiotic of all time.  Link to recipes and to information on mustard at http://www.vinaigre.com/History-of-Vinegar

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) was one of the most extraordinary scientists in history, leaving a legacy of scientific contributions which include an understanding of how microorganisms carry on the biochemical process of fermentation, the establishment of the causal relationship between microorganisms and disease, and the concept of destroying microorganisms to halt the transmission of communicable disease.  These achievements led him to be called the founder of microbiology.  After his early education Pasteur went to Paris, studied at the Sorbonne, then began teaching chemistry while still a student.  After being appointed chemistry professor at a new university in Lille, France, Pasteur began work on yeast cells and showed how they produce alcohol and carbon dioxide from sugar during the process of fermentation.  He found that fermentation would take place only when living yeast cells were present.  Establishing himself as a serious, hard-working chemist, Pasteur was called upon to tackle some of the problems plaguing the French beverage industry at the time.  Of special concern was the spoiling of wine and beer, which caused great economic loss and tarnished France's reputation for fine vintage wines.  Vintners wanted to know the cause of l'amer, a condition that was destroying the best burgundies.  Pasteur suggested that heating the wine gently at about 120°F would kill the bacteria that produced lactic acid and let the wine age properly.  Pasteur's book Etudes sur le Vin, published in 1866 was a testament to two of his great passions--the scientific method and his love of wine.  It caused another French Revolution--one in wine-making, as Pasteur suggested that greater cleanliness was need to eliminate bacteria and that this could be done with heat.  The idea of heating to kill microorganisms was applied to other perishable fluids like milk and the idea of pasteurization was born.  In his work with yeast, Pasteur also found that air should be kept from fermenting wine, but was necessary for the production of vinegar.  In the presence of oxygen, yeasts and bacteria break down alcohol into acetic acid--vinegar.  Pasteur also informed the vinegar industry that vinegar production could be increased by adding more microorganisms to the fermenting mixture.  Pasteur carried on many experiments with yeast.  He showed that fermentation can take place without oxygen (anaerobic conditions), but that the process still involved living things such as yeast.  He did several experiments to show (as Lazzaro Spallanzani had a century earlier) that living things do not arise spontaneously but rather come from other living things.  To disprove the idea of spontaneous generation, Pasteur boiled meat extract and left it exposed to air in a flask with a long S-shaped neck.  There was no decay observed because microorganisms from the air did not reach the extract.  On the way to performing his experiment Pasteur had also invented what has come to be known as sterile technique, boiling or heating of instruments and food to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms.  In 1862 Pasteur was called upon to help solve a crisis in another ailing French industry.  The silkworms that produced silk fabric were dying of an unknown disease.  So armed with his microscope, Pasteur went to the south of France in 1865.  He found the tiny parasites that were killing the silkworms and affecting their food, mulberry leaves.  His solution seemed drastic at the time.  He suggested destroying all the unhealthy worms and starting with new cultures.  Pasteur then turned his attention to human and animal diseases.  He had believed for some time that microscopic organisms cause disease and that these tiny microorganisms could travel from person to person spreading the disease.  Other scientists had expressed this thought before, but Pasteur had more experience using the microscope and identifying different kinds of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.    Pasteur discovered that weakened microbes make a good vaccine by imparting immunity without actually producing the disease.  Pasteur then began work on a vaccine for anthrax, and in 1881 produced a vaccine that successfully prevented the deadly disease.  Pasteur's last great scientific achievement was developing a successful treatment for rabies.  http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/83/Louis-Pasteur.html

Introduction:  A Brief History of College Football  by Robert M. Ours

From www.footballencyclopedia.com/cfeintro.htm  The first intercollegiate football contest was played on November 6th, 1869, at New Brunswick, New Jersey.  Rutgers beat Princeton 6 goals to 4, using a soccer-style round ball, played on a huge field (120 yards long and 75 yards wide) with 25 players on each side.  The sport grew slowly at first with Columbia, Yale, Harvard, and Stevens Tech fielding teams by 1875.  In 1876 a crossbar was added to the goal posts at a height of 10 feet (in effect to the present day), the field was reduced to nearly modern dimensions, and the number of players on each side was lowered to 15.  The sport did not really begin to resemble the modern game until former Yale player Walter Camp revised the rules in the early 1880s:  limit players to 11 on a side, establishing a scrimmage system for putting the ball in play, and he instituted a system of downs for advancing the ball, requiring a team to make 5 yards in 3 downs (the current system of 4 downs to make 10 yards was not adopted until 1912).  The first-down rule of 1882 required the marking of yard lines on the field and led to the term gridiron.  With these changes the game spread more rapidly, and some 250 colleges were participating by the beginning of the twentieth century.  Although the first All-America team was named in 1889, numbers to identify individual players were not recommended until 1915, and it wasn't until 1937 that numerals were required on both the front and back of game jerseys.  In 1967 this rule was further modified to require numbering according to position, with offensive players ineligible to receive forward passes assigned numbers in the 50-79 range.  Read more at http://www.collegefootballpoll.com/history_of_college_football.html

COLLEGE NAME CHANGES

Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.   Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton was the fourth chartered institution of higher education in the Thirteen Colonies and thus one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution.  The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, where it was renamed Princeton University in honor of its host community of Princeton in 1896.

Rutgers University, the eighth of nine colleges established during the American colonial period, was chartered as Queen's College on 10 November 1766.  It was renamed Rutgers College in 1825 after Colonel Henry Rutgers (1745–1830), an American Revolutionary War hero philanthropist and an early benefactor of the school.  With the development of graduated education, Rutgers College was renamed Rutgers University in 1924.

New Jersey State Normal School (1855) name changes:  1908 New Jersey State Normal School at Trenton, 1929 New Jersey State Teachers College and State Normal School at Trenton, 1937 New Jersey State Teachers College at Trenton, 1958 Trenton State College, 1996 The College of New Jersey.

James Madison University is a public coeducational research university located in Harrisonburg, Virginia.  Founded in 1908 as the State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg, the institution was renamed Madison College in 1938, in honor of President James Madison, and named James Madison University in 1977. 

The University at Lewisburg (Pa.) in 1881, facing dire financial circumstances, turned to William Bucknell, a charter member of the board of trustees, for help.  His donation of $50,000 ($1,221,897 today) saved the university from ruin.  In 1886, in recognition of Bucknell's support of the school, the trustees voted unanimously to change the name of the University at Lewisburg to Bucknell University. 

Trine University in Angola, Indiana was founded in 1884 as Tri-State Normal College, and retained the reference to the "Tri-State" area for more than 120 years--so named because of the school's location in Indiana and its proximity to Michigan and Ohio.  In 1906 the school was renamed Tri-State College, and again in 1975 as Tri-State University.  In 2008, the school's name was changed to the current Trine University, in honor of alumnus Dr. Ralph Trine. 

The Rise and Fall of Digital Amnesia by Kapersky Lab  • Across the United States, the study shows that an overwhelming number of consumers can easily admit their dependency on the Internet and devices as a tool for remembering.  Almost all (91.2%) of those surveyed agreed that they use the Internet as an online extension of their brain.  Almost half (44.0%) also admit that their smartphone serves as their memory--everything they need to recall and want to have easy access to is all on it.  • In addition, many consumers are happy to forget, or risk forgetting information they can easily find--or find again online.  When faced with a question, half of U.S. consumers would turn to the Internet before trying to remember and 28.9% would forget an online fact as soon as they had used it.  • Contrary to general assumptions, Digital Amnesia is not only affecting younger digital natives--the study found that it was equally and some times more prevalent in older age groups.  • The loss or compromise of data stored on digital devices, and smartphones in particular, would cause immense distress, particularly among women and people under 35.  More than half of women (51.0%) and almost the same number of 25 to 34 year-olds (48.6%) say it would fill them with sadness, since there are memories stored on their connected devices that they would never get back.  However, it caused the even younger participants the most fear.  One in four women (27.1%) and 35.0% of respondents age 16 to 24 say they would panic:  their devices are the only place they store images and contact information.  • Worryingly, despite this growing reliance on connected devices, the study found that consumers across America are failing to adequately protect them with IT security.  Just one in three (30.5%) installs extra IT security, such as an anti-virus software solution on their smartphone and one in five (20.7%) adds any security to their tablet.  28.0% doesn’t protect any of their devices with additional security.  See 15-page report at https://kasperskycontenthub.com/usa/files/2015/06/Digital-Amnesia-Report.pdf

http://librariansmuse.blogspot.com  Issue 1369  October 28, 2015  On this date in 1848, the first railroad in Spain between Barcelona and Mataró was opened.  On this date in 1893,  Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, Pathétique, received its première performance in St. Petersburg, only nine days before the composer's death.