Monday, November 9, 2015

October 24, 2015  It is easy to take internet access for granted in the developed world.  But getting online in many developing countries is still tough or impossible due to a permutation of poverty, government neglect or infrastructure challenges.  One of the near-term solutions may be the effective splintering of the internet into bite-sized chunks.  If people can’t have all of it at once, maybe they can get it in more easily deliverable pieces.  It is a trend that offers hope of improved access, but the so-called Splinternet will also create challenges for regulators in countries where governments keep a close eye on communications for reasons of security or social standards.  One of the pioneers is LibraryBox, an open-source hardware and software project put together by Jason Griffey, a fellow at Harvard University’s Berkman Center for Internet and Society.  The box is a low-powered Wi-Fi router that can be run from a solar panel, battery or even a bicycle charger.  Users can copy material from the internet, including entire websites, on to an attachable USB stick, then broadcast it to nearby users.  Peter Nowak  


Dr Anne Toner believes she has identified the earliest use of the ellipsis in English drama, pinning it down to a 1588 edition of the Roman dramatist Terence’s play, Andria, which had been translated into English by Maurice Kyffin and printed by Thomas East, and in which hyphens, rather than dots, mark incomplete utterances by the play’s characters.   Dr Toner believes this 1588 edition of Roman dramatist Terence’s Andria is the first time the ellipsis appeared in print in English.  Although there are instances of ellipses occurring in letters around the same time, this is the earliest printed version found by Toner following her chronological research into the earliest dramas in print.   “This was a brilliant innovation,” she writes in Ellipsis in English Literature: Signs of Omission, a history of the use of dots, dashes and asterisks to mark a silence of some kind, published by Cambridge University Press.  “There is no play printed before Kyffin’s Andria and listed in WW Greg’s Bibliography of English Printed Drama that marks unfinished sentences in this way.  This is not to say that these were the first ellipses in English print.  There are appearances of the mark earlier in the 1580s. Henry Woudhuysen has identified dashes in letters printed in 1580 and 1585, where in both cases the mark occurs as part of an informal, conversational style.”  But drama was “especially important” in the evolution of the ellipsis, according to Toner, being the literary form “that is connected in the most concentrated way with speech as it is spoken”.  And after its appearance in the 1588 Andria, the punctuation mark quickly caught on.  “It’s interesting to think about whose idea it was to use what turned out to be a very useful resource … was it the translator of the Terence play, or the printer?   By the 18th century, said Toner, it “becomes very common in print, and blanking starts to be used as a means of avoiding libel laws”, with series of dots starting to be seen in English works, as well as hyphens and dashes, to mark an ellipsis.  Alison Flood  http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/20/unfinished-story-how-the-ellipsis-arrived-in-english-literature

History of semaphore flags   Optical “telegraphs” or signaling devices have been traced back to ancient times (using torches) and were the fastest systems to convey messages over long distances.  These “telegraphs” could have since been in the form of torches, smoke signals and eventually semaphore towersSemaphore towers used large blades/paddles to convey messages.  Messages were decoded based on the fixed positions of these arms and could transmit signals up to 150 miles in two minutes using multiple towers.  The semaphore tower/semaphore line design was first thought up by Robert Hooke in 1684 and submitted to the Royal Society.   The system was not implemented though due to military concerns.  However, this did lead to Claude Chappe developing the first visual telegraph in 1792--eventually covering much of France via 556 stations.  These visual messaging systems eventually led to semaphore flags. These flags were used in the same way that the arms were used on the semaphore towers--different fixed positions mean different messages.  Semaphore flags were primarily used for naval applications to communicate message between boats.  Today these flags have become smaller and are usually mounted to small dowels or poles to allow them to be seen easier.  Maritime use flags are red and yellow (or the OSCAR) flag and while in land use, the flags are blue and white (or the PAPA) flag.  Even though they are not in use much anymore, they still serve for some boats and ships.  There were two critical downfalls of all the systems:  They had no secrecy.  Everyone within visual distances could see the message and therefore react to it.  They were practically invisible at night time and during heavy fog and rain.  Both of these reasons lead to the electrical telegraph and Morse Code, both “invented” by Samuel F.B. Morse.  So, the next thing you know, we went to electrical telegraphs, pony express, telephone, radio, television, computers, fax machines, satellite televisions, cellular phones and the internet.  See pictures of positions representing the alphabet at https://flagexpressions.wordpress.com/2010/03/23/history-behind-semaphore-flags/

adhere, cohere  These words have related meanings, as is suggested by their common Latin root (here, from haerere), which implies sticking or clinging together.  One object adheres to another through the use of glue; a person adheres to a belief, a cause, a religion, or a political party.  Cohere suggests the sticking together of items already present and the logical or natural connection of ideas and objects 

Jicama is an underground vegetable that can be eaten raw or cooked.  Great served with lime juice and can be used as a "cracker" for dips or with a topping, or used in stir fry.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcKbALW6gUY  7:59  
How to Prepare Jicama  Jicama is related to the sweet potato and is a crunchy juicy root vegetable similar to water chestnut.  In this video, Nutritionist Karen Roth shares the health benefits of jicama and how to prepare it.

Andrew Luck Book Club--the Indianapolis Colts quarterback is the NFL’s unofficial librarian as he constantly recommends books to his teammates by Kevin Clark   It’s possible no group of players in the league is more dependent on one individual than the other 52 members of the Indianapolis roster.  They’ve even come to depend on Luck when choosing what books to read.  “He’s always saying ‘I read this great book,’ ” said backup quarterback Matt Hasselbeck.  “He’s recommended books on concrete architecture, Rob Lowe’s autobiography or ‘Mountains Beyond Mountains,’” a 2003 account of a doctor working to fight tuberculosis.  In the same way that Oprah Winfrey has become known for vaulting books she likes to popularity across the country, Luck can make his favorite reads become the talk of the Colts locker room.  Some of the books he recommends are for inspiration, players say, if a teammate is going through a tough time.  Others are passed on simply because Luck enjoyed leafing through them.  “He’s a voracious reader and he likes talking about it,” said center Khaled Holmes, a beneficiary of Luck’s penchant for recommending his favorite titles.  Luck recently completed “The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared,” by Swedish author Jonas Jonasson, a novel about a man’s adventures after bailing on his own birthday party.  Luck felt so good about it he immediately gave his copy to Holmes.  “He just read it and he thought it was really funny,” Holmes said.  In the NFL, where locker-room chatter usually centers on videogames or hip-hop music, Luck has forged a reputation as the Colts’ very own librarian.  Luck gets many recommendations from his mother, Kathy, and the best ones, or titles that will appeal to specific players, get passed on to his teammates.  Luck's passion for literature means conversations in the Colts locker room often veer into unexpected territory.  Before a training camp practice in August, when players say chitchat is at its highest, Luck asked a group of teammates what, exactly, they knew about the Napoleonic wars.  “That was a first,” said Hasselbeck.  Luck, who majored in architectural design at Stanford, and Holmes, who took classes in the classics at Southern California, have ongoing discussions about Homer and other classic writers.  


http://librariansmuse.blogspot.com  Issue 1375  November 9, 2015  On this date in 1620, Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sighted land at Cape Cod, Massachusetts.  On this date in 1664,  Henry Wharton, English librarian and author, was born.  

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