Wednesday, April 3, 2013


Grammarians have been fretting about the lack of a gender-neutral, or epicene, third-person singular pronoun since the late eighteenth century.  Some of the solutions include an expanded use of one (a critic in 1884 offered the example "Every man and woman is the architect of one's own fortune"), an alternation between generic he and generic she, an expanded use of it ("The applicant signed its name"), and the singular use of they.  In place of these, many people have attempted to create a brand-new third-person singular epicene pronoun.  The earliest such example may have been in John Wilkins's Philosophical Language of 1668, but Wilkins's usage is not clear; the earliest clear coinage of an epicene pronoun was by Denis Diderot, in his brief sketch of an artificial language called Langue Nouvelle in his Encyclopédie (1751).  (Modern artificial languages, such as Esperanto, also have epicene pronouns.)  The real heyday for the artificial epicene pronoun was the late nineteenth century.  The most widely publicized was thon (possessive thons), coined in 1884 by Charles Converse, an American lawyer; this made its way into several dictionaries.  Some other suggestions from the period were en; he, hes, hem; hiser, himer; ir, iro, im; and thir, thiro, thim (plural), and e, es, em.  A smattering of coinages appeared in the early twentieth century (ha, hez, hem; she, shis, shim; se, sim, sis, etc.), but the real explosion of suggestions began around 1970, with the rise of the modern feminist movement.  Some of the very many words from this period include tey, term, tem; ze, zim, zees, zeeself; ne, nis, ner; en, es, ar; po, xe, jhe; and et, ets, etself.  Though some of these words have been used by partisans, it goes without saying that none of them has ever developed a true currency.  Many people feel that English does need an epicene pronoun, but many others feel that we're doing fine without one, or that some of the other solutions (the coordinate he or she, the singular they, a rewriting of sentences) suffice.  http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19980812

Size comparisons of selected countries from The World Factbook 
Monaco:  2 sq km  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mn.html
Holy See (Vatican City):  0.44 sq km  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html

Size comparisons of selected places from U.S. Census Bureau
San Francisco  46.87 sq mi  http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0667000.html
New York County (Manhattan)  22.83 sq mi http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36061.html

Golden Gate Park, located in San Francisco, California, is a large urban park consisting of 1,017 acres (412 ha) of public grounds.  With 13 million visitors annually, Golden Gate is the fifth most-visited city park in the United States after Central Park in New York City, Lincoln Park in Chicago, and Mission Bay and Balboa parks in San Diego.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park 

The hectare (symbol ha) is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres (100 m by 100 m), and primarily used in the measurement of land n 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the 'are' was defined as 100 square metres and the hectare ('hecto-' + 'are') was thus 100 'ares' or 1/100 km2.  A hectare of land is about 2.471 acres.  See comparison of area units at:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare

Central Park (in Manhattan) constitutes its own United States census tract, number 143.  The park, which receives approximately thirty-five million visitors annually, is the most visited urban park in the United States.  It was opened on 770 acres (3.1 km2) of city-owned land and was expanded to 843 acres (3.41 km2; 1.317 sq mi).  It is 2.5 miles (4 km) long between 59th Street (Central Park South) and 110th Street (Central Park North), and is 0.5 miles (0.8 km) wide between Fifth Avenue and Central Park West.  Central Park is the most filmed location in the world.  Over 305 films have been shot within the park.  Read much more and see images at:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park

Traditionally, amuse-bouche were tiny, bite-sized treats sent out by the chef to whet diners' appetites for the meal to follow.  Unlike appetizers, diners don't get to choose their amuse-bouche from the menu.  They're pleasantly surprised with whatever the chef prepares for them.    

Amuse-bouche can be as simple as a bowl of olives or freshly baked artisanal bread served with extra virgin olive oil for dipping, but they're often extravagant concoctions of foams, mousses, and gelées from talented chefs.  Literally translated, amuse-bouche means "happy mouth."  Link to recipes for ten small treats at:  http://www.fabulousfoods.com/articles/28939/10-simple-amuse-bouche-recipes 

Amuse-bouche pronunciation in French:  http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amuse-bouche&submit=Submit  Amuse-bouche pronunciation in English:  http://www.pronouncehow.com/english/amuse-bouche_pronunciation 

A federal judge has declared a unique website enabling the online sale of pre-owned digital music files unlawful.  The first sale defense is limited to material items, like records, that the copyright owner put into the stream of commerce," ruled U.S. District Judge Richard Sullivan.   This is bad news for ReDigi, which launched in October, 2011 with a bold idea:  If the "first sale" doctrine in copyright law permits the re-selling of acquired copyrighted material, let's create an online market for "used" digital music.  Judge Sullivan's ruling has, for now, dampened the idea of reselling of digital goods.  If it holds up, the ruling could mean digital sales venues would have to get the permission of right holders.  See the 18-page case, Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi, Inc., Case 1:12-cv-00095-RJS Document 109, filed 03/30/13, at:   http://www.scribd.com/doc/133505452/You-Can-t-Resell-Music-Bought-on-iTunes-Federal-Judge-Rules 

April 2 events from Wikipedia
1513 – Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León first sights land in what is now Florida.
1792 – The Coinage Act is passed establishing the United States Mint.
1900 – The United States Congress passes the Foraker Act, giving Puerto Rico limited self-rule.
1902 – "Electric Theatre", the first full-time movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles, California.
1973 – The LEXIS computer-assisted legal research service launched as a continuation of an experiment organized by the Ohio State Bar in 1967. 

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