Portuguese immigrants in Hawaii   Whereas Chinese and Japanese workers had come as single men, the Portuguese--almost without exception--brought their families and came to stay.  The Hawai'i Board of Immigration paid the passage for workers and their families and arranged employment for one year.  Ships still traveled around Cape Horn and the voyage could last six months.  As Europeans, the Portuguese were treated differently than Asian workers--they were offered an acre of land, a house and improved working conditions--but remained below haole owners in the plantation hierarchy.  As Europeans, they became eligible for U.S. citizenship (after 1898 when Hawai'i became a U.S. Territory), unlike Chinese and Japanese laborers.  Portuguese were often employed as middlemen between owners and Asian workers, becoming lunas or supervisors.  They also worked as strikebreakers during labor disputes.  While Portuguese proved themselves good workers, few renewed their contracts, preferring instead to buy their own land and work their own farms.  As the Portuguese community grew, it strengthened the Catholic Church in Hawai'i and loaned many of its traditions to local island culture.  Portuguese foods like malasadas (Portuguese doughnuts), pao doce (sweet bread) and Portuguese sausage remain popular.  Perhaps the most visible (and audible) Portuguese contribution is the 'ukulele.  Adapted from a Portuguese stringed instrument called the braguinha (from Madeira) or cavaquinho (from mainland Portugal), the 'ukulele was played by King Kalakaua and by 1900 it had become an accompaniment for the hula.  The first instruments arrived in 1879 with immigrants aboard the Ravenscrag.  By 1884, three instrument makers--Augusto Dias, Jose do Espirito Santo and Manuel Nunes--opened their shops for business to meet musicians' demands for 'ukulele.  They used Hawaiian koa and kou woods for their Island-made instruments.  The four-string instrument is still most common, but 'ukulele also come in six, eight and 10-string variations.  http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?t=1&fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=305&returntoname=year&PageLayout=Print  Find recipe for four loaves of Portuguese Sweet Bread (Pao Doce) at http://www.konahistorical.org/index.php/tours/portuguese-stone-oven-baking/

The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798.  They made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen (Naturalization Act), allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were deemed dangerous (Alien Friends Act of 1798) or who were from a hostile nation (Alien Enemy Act of 1798), and criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government (Sedition Act of 1798).  The Federalists argued that the bills strengthened national security during an undeclared naval war with France (1798–1800).  Critics argued that they were primarily an attempt to suppress voters who disagreed with the Federalist party and its teachings, and violated the right of freedom of speech in the First Amendment.  The Naturalization Act increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts

See also Alien and Sedition Acts at http://www.ushistory.org/us/19e.asp

Ironville was a unique East Toledo, Ohio neighborhood.  Surrounded by pig-iron furnaces and oil refineries, it had an unmistakable odor.  It had more bars than grocery stores and churches combined.  And its residents never bothered to lock their doors.  Today, Ironville exists only in memories.  "We had the best of everything, in my opinion.  It was country, but it was close to the city," said Dr. Joe Hardin, a retired Toledo Zoo veterinarian.  The former neighborhood was bounded by Front, Bay, and Tiffin streets and Clarence Avenue, and traced its roots to the 1860s when a pig-iron smelting business was started.  Before that, Ottawa Indians lived in the marshy region.  Starting in 1960, the city bought the homes of about 250 families to clear for an industrial park.  Making it more painful for Ironville residents, the industrial park was never developed.  Ronald J. Mauter, 59, an amateur historian and Ironville native said the city paid a flat rate of $6,500 for houses and $8,500 for businesses when it purchased the property.  David Yonke  http://www.toledoblade.com/frontpage/2006/09/11/40-rekindle-memories-of-Ironville.html

Hector Boiardi, founder of Chef Boy-ar-dee Foods, one of the first packaged Italian food businesses in the nation, started his company in 1928, was its president until 1946 when he sold it to American Home Foods Company, a subsidiary of American Home Products Corporation of New York.  His company was first called Chef Boiardi, but Mr. Boiardi found that customers and salesmen had difficulty pronouncing his name, so he changed the brand name to the phonetic spelling, ''Boy-ar-dee.''  Born in Piacenza, Italy, Mr. Boiardi worked as an apprentice chef in a hotel in his hometown starting at the age of 11.  He came to the United States in 1917 and worked at hotels in New York and Greenbrier, W.Va., where he directed the catering at the reception for President Woodrow Wilson's second marriage.  Mr. Boiardi later moved to Cleveland, where he opened a restaurant.  So popular was the food at the restaurant that customers kept asking for portions of pasta, sauce and cheese to take home.  By 1928, he had built a small processing plant, and 10 years later his products were in national distribution.  He served as a consultant to American Home Foods until 1978.  https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/23/us/hector-boiardi-is-dead-began-chef-boy-ar-dee.html

A team of researchers has uncovered the distinct computations that occur when we switch between different languages, a finding that provides new insights into the nature of bilingualism.  "A remarkable feature of multilingual individuals is their ability to quickly and accurately switch back and forth between their different languages," explains Esti Blanco-Elorrieta, a New York University doctoral candidate and the lead author of the study, which appears in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.  "Our findings help pinpoint what occurs in the brain in this process—specifically, what neural activity is exclusively associated with disengaging from one language and then engaging with a new one."  "Specifically, this research unveils for the first time that while disengaging from one language requires some cognitive effort, activating a new language comes relatively cost-free from a neurobiological standpoint," notes senior author Liina Pylkkanen, a professor in NYU's Department of Linguistics and Department of Psychology.  Previous research has linked language switching with increased activity in areas associated with cognitive control.  This is largely because these two processes happen simultaneously when those who speak two languages switch from one to the other.  To untangle this dynamic, the study's researchers, who also included San Diego State University's Karen Emmorey, studied bilingual individuals fluent in English and American Sign Language (ASL), who often produce both languages simultaneously.  "The fact that they can do both at the same time offers a unique opportunity to disentangle engagement and disengagement processes—that is, how they turn languages 'on' and 'off'," observes Blanco-Elorrieta.  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-09-languages.html

The Toledo Lucas County Public Library is excited to announce its fall 2018 Film Focus schedule, featuring powerful, independent films.  This season, the series is being hosted at the King Road Branch on Mondays at 6:45 p.m., Sept. 24 - Oct. 29.  Film focus is free and open to the public.

In Syria (2017, Drama, Arabic, France)  (M) Sept. 24 | 6:45 p.m.

Jasper Jones (2017, Drama, English, Australia)  (M) Oct. 1 | 6:45 p.m.

Hotel Salvation (2016, Drama, Hindi, India)  (M) Oct. 8 | 6:45 p.m.

Paris Opera (2017, Documentary, French, France)  (M) Oct. 15 | 6:45 p.m.

In Between (2016, Drama, Hebrew and Arabic, Israel)  (M) Oct. 22 | 6:45 p.m.

Somers Town (2008, Comedy/Drama, English, United Kingdom)  (M) Oct. 29 | 6:45 p.m.

Quite different in its approach to a national reading-advocacy event from ‘Canada Reads,’ PBS’ ‘Great American Read’ project has named its 100 contenders for ‘best-loved novel.’  With the release April 20, 2018 of the 100 titles the Stateside program is has listed in its “new PBS series and multi-platform initiative that celebrates the joy of reading and the books we love,” it become apparent just how deeply different the two approaches are.  The 17-year-old annual Canada Reads from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) selects five contemporary works, each “defended” by a celebrity personality in four deeply serious, issue-driven debates.  It’s a powerful evocation of how forcefully literature can help reflect and enrich a nation’s political and cultural dialogue.  By contrast, the new US show is positioned as a “nationwide summer reading initiative” to choose “America’s best-loved novel” and in press materials dubs itself “the most expansive national celebration of books and reading aimed at engaging multi-generational readers across platforms ever created.”  And now that we can see the 100 titles put forward for the American show, it’s clear that there’s little comparison with the Canadian effort.  The program is being produced for PBS by Nutopia, the documentary-led production company founded by Jane Root, formerly president of Discovery Channel US.  Canada Reads searches for what its producers call “the title the whole country should read this year.”  By contrast, The Great American Read, looking for a “best-loved” standout, might be positioned as saying, “Read anything, absolutely anything, just read.”  You have Crime and Punishment and Fifty Shades of Grey on the same list; The Da Vinci Code and The Grapes of Wrath; Siddartha and I, Alex Cross.  The Canadian effort is advisory, the American one is populist.  The 100 titles are by authors from 15 countries, and cover five centuries of writings, from Cervantes’ 1603 Don Quixote to the National Book Award finalist Ghost by Jason Reynolds, a 2016 children’s book.  An author can be represented in the list only once, and a series counts as a single entry.  Porter Anderson  https://publishingperspectives.com/2018/04/pbs-great-american-read-100-titles/  See pictures of covers of the 100 novels selected for The Great American Read and vote at http://www.pbs.org/the-great-american-read/vote/

Cauliflower:  Over 70 Exciting Ways to Roast, Rice, and Fry One of the World's Healthiest Vegetables by Oz Telem  available in hardcover and Kindle September 2018   Check your local library.

GOOGLE SEARCHING AND VIEWING  Colleague searched Google for “dine and dash” September 12, 2018.  Got 1,160,000 results!  For “dine and dash” 2018 it was 643,000.  Muser:  "dine and dash" got 1,150,000 results, and "dine and dash" 2018 got 643,000 results, matching her friend's search.  At friend's suggestion, Muser changed the look of her Google results, changing 10 per page to 50 per page.  Since September 12, 2018, when the Muser types news.google.com or en.wikipedia.org, it brings up the site with a topic attached rather than the main page.

http://librariansmuse.blogspot.com  Issue 1952  September 14, 2018