Thursday, March 12, 2015

A.Word.A.Day with Anu Garg
Frankenfood   (FRANG-kuhn-food)  noun  Genetically modified food.  From franken- (genetically modified), alluding to the artificially created Frankenstein’s monster  Earliest documented use:  1992.
preternatural  (pree/pri-tuhr-NACH-uh-ruhl)  adjective  Beyond what is natural or normal.
From Latin praeter- (beyond, past) + naturam (nature).  Earliest documented use:  1580.
logomaniac  (lo-guh-MAY-nee-ak)  noun  One who is obsessively interested in words.
From Greek logo- (word) + -mania (excessive enthusiasm or craze).  Earliest documented use:  1870.   See Robbert van der Steeg's Embraced by Words at https://www.flickr.com/photos/robbie73/4289385819

Sculptor and artist Donatello (c. 1386–1466) apprenticed early with well-known sculptors and quickly learned the Gothic style.  Before he was 20, he was receiving commissions for his work.  Donatello, the early Italian Renaissance sculptor, was born Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi in Florence, Italy.  His friends and family gave him the nickname “Donatello.”  
He was the son of Niccolo di Betto Bardi, a member of the Florentine Wool Combers Guild.  This gave young Donatello status as the son of a craftsman and placed him on a path of working in the trades.  Donatello was educated at the home of the Martellis, a wealthy and influential Florentine family of bankers and art patrons closely tied to the Medici family.  It was here that Donatello probably first received artistic training from a local goldsmith.  He learned metallurgy and the fabrication of metals and other substances.  In 1403, he apprenticed with Florence metalsmith and sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti.  A few years later, Ghiberti was commissioned to create the bronze doors for the Baptistery of the Florence Cathedral, beating out rival artist Filippo Brunelleschi.  Donatello assisted Ghiberti in creating the cathedral doors.  http://www.biography.com/people/donatello-21032601  

Bonfires of the vanities  Decades after St. Bernardino di Siena opened the practice of burning “temptation-inducing” items to turn Catholic adherents back toward the faith, parishioners of Friar Girolamo Savonarola launched one of the largest bonfires of the vanities on February 7, 1497.  Set in the capital of the Italian Renaissance, Florence, historians wonder to this day what priceless works of art or literature may have been destroyed as “frivolous, sinful pursuits.”  Throughout the 1400s, the cities of Europe engaged in a slow process of awakening from the Middle Ages.  New ideas blossomed all over the continent, led predominantly by Italian scholars interested in ancient Latin works and artists experimenting with more realistic styles of painting and drawing.  Fueled by investment from the Medici family, and particularly patriarch Lorenzo, the best painters and sculptors in Italy received commissions that brought them to Florence.  (It certainly helped that Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli and Michaelangelo Buonarroti were all born nearby.)  The development of new schools of thought, such as humanism, and advancements in printing technology opened the Roman Catholic Church to critique it had never experienced before.  Determined to keep Christianity at the center of the average person’s life, a number of priests delivered sermons denouncing the new “distractions” that encouraged sin.  Franciscan missionary Bernardino gained a reputation for particularly anger-filled calls to shed these “heresies” while traveling through the Italian countryside for more than three decades until his death in 1444.  His sermons often ended with piles of cosmetics, evening gowns and books burning where he preached in city squares, “bonfires of the vanities” to purify the hearts of his listeners.  Over the next five decades, these items remained the target of ascetic preachers as a cause for the calamities facing the Church, such as the advance of Ottoman armies into Europe from Mehmed II’s seizure of Constantinople in 1453.  Caught up in religious fervor, crowds burned almost anything they could get their hands on -- Botticelli is even said to have tossed his own works based on Greek mythology into the flames as a symbol of his dedication.

The Mercer Oak was a large white oak tree that stood in Princeton Battlefield State Park in Princeton, New Jersey.  The tree was about 300 years old when it was torn by strong winds in March 2000.  It was the emblem of Princeton Township and appeared on the seal of the township.  The tree is also the key element of the seal of Mercer County, New Jersey.  The Mercer Oak was named after Hugh Mercer, a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution.  After a lightning storm in 1973 dropped a large branch of the original "Mercer Oak" Ned Brown, a local artisan cabinet fabricator, from the Skillman, NJ, had the insight to preserve some of the lumber.  Pieces of the preserved lumber were later integrated into the woodwork of a local restaurant, ONE 53.  The inlay includes the craftsman's representation of a silhouette of the oak tree, as well as a sections of oak throughout the bar.  The balance of the fallen branches were left in the hands of Princeton's Historical Society.  On March 3, 2000, a wind storm felled the oak's last four branches.  For public safety reasons, arborists cut off the remnants of the trunk the day after the tree fell.  Following the tree's death, several scions from the tree were planted around the battlefield.  In May 2000, an 8-foot sapling grown from a Mercer Oak acorn was planted inside the stump of the former tree.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_Oak  See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Individual_oak_trees

cedilla  noun  a mark¸ placed under the letter c (as in façade ) to show that it is pronounced like s and not k.  origin  Spanish, the obsolete letter ç (actually a medieval form of the letter z), cedilla, from diminutive of ceda, zeda the letter z, from Late Latin zeta — more at zed  first known use:  1599  http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cedilla  How to type characters with a cedilla  http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/finetypography/ht/cedilla.htm

“The stadium is a unit of measurement from the ancient world, based on the length of a footrace in the Greek Olympics.  That’s where we get our modern word.  About six hundred feet is one stadium, so there are between eight and ten stadia in a mile.”  

Steganography is the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages.  Steganography works by replacing bits of useless or unused data in regular computer files (such as graphics, sound, text, HTML, or even floppy disks ) with bits of different, invisible information.  This hidden information can be plain text, cipher text, or even images.  Steganography sometimes is used when encryption is not permitted.  Or, more commonly, steganography is used to supplement encryption.  

Adverbs are words that modify:  (1)  a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)  (2)  an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)  (3)  another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?)  Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb.  Adverbs often function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something.  Intensifiers are said to have three different functions:  they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone.  Find much more at http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adverbs.htm  See also https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/537/02/


http://librariansmuse.blogspot.com  Issue 1268  March 12, 2015  On this date in 1894, Coca-Cola was bottled and sold for the first time in Vicksburg, Mississippi, by local soda fountain operator Joseph Biedenharn.  On this date in 1912, the Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts of the USA) were founded in the United States.

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