Monday, March 11, 2013


Quotes from Odd Interlude, a Special Odd Thomas Adventure by Dean Koontz 
We don't need a bunch of badly behaved retirees any more than we need young hoodlums. 
I'm Odd, but I'm not nuts. 
If I am the equivalent of Tom Cruise, I will surely exit unscathed.

A drop in the bucket   a very small proportion of the whole.
Origin  From the Bible, Isaiah 40:15 (King James Version):
"Behold, the nations are as a drop of a bucket, and are counted as the small dust of the balance: behold, he taketh up the isles as a very little thing."  'A drop in the bucket' is the predecessor of 'a drop in the ocean', which means the same thing, and is first found in a piece from The Edinburgh Weekly Journal, July 1802:   "The votes for the appointment of Bonaparte to be Chief Consul for life are like a drop in the ocean compared with the aggregate of the population of France."  http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/124000.html

The history of matches
In 1669, phosphorous was discovered - phosphorous was soon used in match heads.
In 1680, an Irish physicist named Robert Boyle (Boyle's Law) coated a small piece of paper with phosphorous and coated a small piece of wood with sulfur.  He then rubbed the wood across the paper and created a fire.  However, there was no useable match created by Robert Boyle.
In 1827, John Walker, English chemist and apothecary, discovered that if he coated the end of a stick with certain chemicals and let them dry, he could start a fire by striking the stick anywhere.  These were the first friction matches.  The chemicals he used were antimony sulfide, potassium chlorate, gum, and starch.  Walker did not patent his "Congreves" as he called the matches (alluding to the Congreve's rocket invented in 1808).  http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmatch.htm

The infamous 'dog in a manger', who occupied the manger not because he wanted to eat the hay there but to prevent the other animals from doing so, is generally said to have been the invention of the Greek storyteller Aesop (circa 620-564 BC).  Many of the fables that have been credited to Aesop do in fact date from well before the 5th century BC and modern scholarship doesn't give much credence to the idea that Aesop's Fables, as we now know them, were written by him at all.  Accounts of Aesop's life are vague and date from long after his death.  If he existed at all, it was as an editor of earlier Greek and Sumerian stories rather than as the writer of them.    Nothing written by Aesop now exists in any form.  Nevertheless, you can go into any bookshop and buy a copy of 'Aesop's Fables' and, for this book more than others, that is largely thanks to the invention of the movable type printing press.  Following the production of the Gutenberg Bible in the 1450s, European printers began to look around for other suitable works to print.  What better way to educate the common herd than to provide them with the uplifting moral tales of Aesop? The German printer Heinrich Steinhowel set to the task and printed the first German version in 1480.  The first English version followed soon after when Caxton adapted the German version into English in 1484.  It seems that Steinhowel had decided that Aesop's fables weren't quite uplifting enough and he added the 'Dog in the Manger' in his 1480 version.  There's no mention of the story in the Greek descriptions of the fables, some of which date from the 4th century BC.  While not being included by Aesop, the story itself is ancient, having been cited in several early Greek texts and in English in John Gower's Confessio Amantis, circa 1390:  Though it be not the hound's habit To eat chaff, yet will he warn off  An ox that commeth to the barn Thereof to take up any food.  http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/dog-in-the-manger.html 

Tiramisu (pronounced "tih-ruh-mee-SOO") was invented in the 1960's at the El Touga restaurant in Treviso, Italy.  Literally translated, Tiramisu means "pick me up" or "carry me up", which probably refers to the jolt you get after eating espresso and alcohol laced ladyfingers.   Recipe and video at:  http://www.joyofbaking.com/Tiramisu.html 

Dulce de leche or milk candy is a sweet which tastes like toffee.  This is a typical Argentinean spreadable sweet.  In some countries “dulce de leche” ice cream is available.  Recipe at:  http://cookandtranslate.wordpress.com/2011/11/25/milkcaramel-dulcedeleche/

Mar. 7, 2013  In late January, Amazon received a patent to set up an exchange for all sorts of digital material.  The retailer would presumably earn a commission on each transaction, and consumers would surely see lower prices.  But a shudder went through publishers and media companies.  Those who produce content might see their work devalued, just as they did when Amazon began selling secondhand books 13 years ago.  The price on the Internet for many used books these days is a penny.  On Mar. 6, the United States Patent and Trademark Office published Apple’s application for its own patent for a digital marketplace.  Apple’s application outlines a system for allowing users to sell or give e-books, music, movies and software to each other by transferring files rather than reproducing them.  Such a system would permit only one user to have a copy at any one time.  Meanwhile, a New York court is poised to rule on whether a start-up that created a way for people to buy and sell iTunes songs is breaking copyright law.  A victory for the company would mean that consumers would not need either Apple’s or Amazon’s exchange to resell their digital items.  Electronic bazaars would spring up instantly.  “The technology to allow the resale of digital goods is now in place, and it will cause a dramatic upheaval,” said Bill Rosenblatt, president of GiantSteps, a technology consulting firm.  “In the short term, it’s great for consumers.  Over the long term, however, it could seriously reduce creators’ incentive to create.”  Scott Turow, the best-selling novelist and president of the Authors Guild, sees immediate peril in the prospect of a secondhand digital thrift shop.  “The resale of e-books would send the price of new books crashing,” he said.  “Who would want to be the sucker who buys the book at full price when a week later everyone else can buy it for a penny?”  He acknowledged it would be good for consumers — “until there were no more authors anymore.”  Libraries, though, welcome the possibility of loosened restrictions on digital material.  “The vast majority of e-books are not available in your public library,” said Brandon Butler, director of public policy initiatives for the Association of Research Libraries.  “That’s pathetic.”  He said that 60 percent of what the association’s 125 members buy was electronic, which meant sharp restrictions on use.  Libraries cannot buy from Apple’s iTunes, he said.  And so, for example, Pixar’s Oscar-winning soundtrack for the movie “Up” is not available in any public collection.  An Apple spokesman confirmed this.  Sales of digital material are considered licenses, which give consumers little or no ability to lend the item.  The worry is that without such constraints digital goods could be infinitely reproduced while still in the possession of the original owner.  Both the Amazon and Apple systems aim to solve this problem.  Amazon’s patent envisions a book or movie or song being kept in a customer’s personalized “data store.”  When an item is no longer wanted, the user could sell or trade it to another user, an action that would automatically delete the item from the first user’s store.   The patent describes what is essentially a gigantic swap meet.  Amazon’s 152 million active customers would maintain a list of desired secondhand digital objects (“Django Unchained” or Cheryl Strayed’s “Wild”), as well as a list of used digital objects that are “available for movement” (“Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance” or Lance Armstrong’s autobiography).  An Amazon spokesman declined to comment on the patent, including how soon or even whether the digital marketplace would be set up.  The patent does not make clear if such a bazaar would need the publishers’ permission.  David Streitfeld  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/technology/revolution-in-the-resale-of-digital-books-and-music.html?hpw&_r=0

Friday, March 8, 2013

Before he was a whiz of a wiz, if ever a wiz there was, the Wizard of Oz was Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkel Emmannuel Ambroise Diggs, late of Omaha.  So it was said in "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz," the fourth of L. Frank Baum's classic children's books, and so it is now in Disney's "Oz the Great and Powerful," director Sam Raimi's original prequel to the whole shebang.  The movie starring James Franco, means to fill us in on an iconic character's backstory.  Baum, who wrote the first 14 Oz books, wasn't averse to spinoffs, authoring Oz plays, movies and other media.  After his death in 1919 came many more novels by other writers -- in and out of canon, estate-authorized and not.  There have been Oz comics, video games, even slot machines.  And while not all of these, perhaps, were labors of love, "Oz the Great and Powerful" is clearly so.  Besides the dozens of TV and stage adaptations -- including a ballet and the 1970s Broadway musical "The Wiz" -- some of the most notable movie versions are:
"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" (1910) and "His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz" (1914) -- Respectively, the first surviving Oz film and the first produced and directed by Baum himself
Wizard of Oz (1925) -- A silent-movie adaptation starring Oliver Hardy, pre-Laurel & Hardy, as the Tin Man
The Wizard of Oz (1939) -- The classic MGM musical starring Judy Garland
Journey Back to Oz (1974) -- Animated sequel voiced by Liza Minnelli, Garland's daughter, as Dorothy; Margaret Hamilton, the original Wicked Witch of the West, as Aunt Em; Milton Berle, Mickey Rooney, Paul Lynde, Herschel Bernardi, Danny Thomas and others
The Wiz (1978) -- Adaptation of the Broadway musical, with Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow
Return to Oz (1985) -- Walt Disney Pictures' critically and commercially disappointing hybrid sequel to / retelling of the 1939 film  Frank Lovece   http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/james-franco-is-the-wizard-in-new-oz-film-oz-the-great-and-powerful-1.4716615

Decades of riding and handling horses helped John Talip of Ottawa Lake, Mich., land an on-the-set job during filming of Oz the Great and Powerful.  "I was a wrangler and helped out with the horses on set when they did a lot of the filming," he said.  The movie was shot in the former Raleigh Michigan Studios in Pontiac, Mich., a state-of-the-art studio built on the site of the General Motors Centerpoint business campus.   http://www.toledoblade.com/Movies/2013/03/08/Ottawa-Lake-man-s-experience-with-horses-lands-him-job-on-set-of-Disney-movie.html

There have been fierce battles over control of Conan Doyle’s estate and the preservation of his former home in Surrey, England — to say nothing of the wild speculations surrounding the mysterious 2004 death of a prominent Holmes scholar who was found garroted with a shoelace shortly before a controversial auction of Conan Doyle papers.  But when the Baker Street Irregulars, an invitation-only literary club, gathered for their annual weekend in New York in January, few had any inkling they would soon be embroiled in a distinctly 21st-century case that might be called “The Adventure of the Social Media-Driven Copyright Debate, With Annotations on Sherlockian Sexism and the True Nature of Literary Devotion.”  A few weeks later, after a leading Holmes scholar and longtime Irregular filed a legal complaint against the Conan Doyle estate arguing that Sherlock Holmes and the basic elements of his world were in the public domain, various online Sherlockian conclaves exploded.  “The suit has wreaked havoc,” said Betsy Rosenblatt, an assistant professor at Whittier Law School and a member of the Irregulars, who pointed to the spread of a “#freesherlock” hashtag on Twitter.  The suit, which stems from the estate’s efforts to collect a licensing fee for a planned collection of new Holmes-related stories by Sara Paretsky, Michael Connelly and other contemporary writers, makes a seemingly simple argument.  Of the 60 Conan Doyle stories and novels in “the Canon” (as Sherlockians call it), only the 10 stories first published in the United States after 1923 remain under copyright.  Therefore, the suit asserts, many fees paid to the estate for the use of the character have been unnecessary.  But it’s also shaping up to be something of what one blogger called “a Sherlockian Civil War.”  On one side is Leslie S. Klinger, a prominent lawyer from Malibu, Calif., and the editor of the three-volume, nearly 3,000-page “New Annotated Sherlock Holmes,” as well as an editor of the new collection.  On the other is Jon Lellenberg, a retired Defense Department strategist and, for the past 30 years, the Conan Doyle estate’s hard-nosed American agent.  If neither side is ready to cast the other in the role of Professor Moriarty, Holmes’s arch-nemesis, the tide of sympathy among Sherlockians is running strongly in Mr. Klinger’s favor.  Jennifer Schuessler  Read extensive article at:  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/07/books/suit-says-sherlock-belongs-to-the-ages.html?hp&_r=0 

Find the malapropism in this (paraphrased) sentence:  If I want to let my dry food rot in my bowl, that's my own peroxide.  Bucky Katt in Get Fuzzy comic strip, Mar. 15, 2013 

Peeps at 60  Few products have achieved the iconic status of PEEPS®, the yellow, chick-shaped marshmallow confection beloved by children and adults alike.  But, as popular as PEEPS® has become, it is only one of the many delicious products produced by Just Born, an 87-year-old, family-owned confectionery company based in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.  The Just Born candy tradition actually began in 1910 when Sam Born emigrated to the U.S. from Russia.  A candy maker by trade, Born used innovative technology to produce chocolate sprinkles, known as Jimmies, and the hard chocolate coating for ice cream bars.  In 1916, Born invented a machine that mechanically inserted sticks into lollipops.  In 1923, Born opened a small candy-making and retail store in Brooklyn, New York.  He marketed the freshness of his line of daily-made candy with a sign that declared, “Just Born.”  The company thrived in spite of the economic depression of the 1930s and, in 1932, moved its operations to an empty printing factory in Bethlehem, PA.  The company continued to grow, aided by several key acquisitions.  In 1935, Just Born acquired the prestigious Maillard Corporation, well known for elegant hand-decorated chocolates, crystallized fruits, Venetian mints, jellies and “the best bridge mix in the country.”  In 1953, Just Born acquired the Rodda Candy Company of Lancaster, PA.  Although Rodda was best known for its jelly beans, it also made a small line of marshmallow products that included a popular Easter Peep that was made by laboriously hand-squeezing marshmallow through pastry tubes.  http://www.justborn.com/get-to-know-us/our-history


Peeps in libraries
Bedford, Massachusetts  http://www.bedfordlibrary.net/events/peeps.htm
Georgetown, Texas  http://library.georgetown.org/peeps/frames/page1.html
Decatur, Illinois  http://www.millikin.edu/staley/about/peeps/pages/default.aspx
Ann Arbor, Michigan  http://www.annarbor.com/entertainment/peeps-contest-results/

Wednesday, March 6, 2013


The literal translation of Dim Sum is the point of the heart.  It is the most popular Cantonese tradition of gathering with family and friends to eat together.  Traditional dishes, tea and personal connections are the heart of Dim Sum.  http://www.bolings.com/Cuisine/wok_talk.html

A state firearm has only been designated by three of the fifty States in the United States:  Utah, Arizona, and Indiana.  In 2010 a bill to adopt the long rifle as the Pennsylvania state firearm was rejected.  In March 2011, Utah adopted the M1911 pistol as its state firearm.  This gun was designed by Ogden, Utah native John Browning.  The adoption was supported by Republican Utah State Representative Carl Wimmer, who said, "It does capture a portion of Utah's history" and "even bigger than that, it captures a portion of American history."  The adoption was opposed by Democratic Utah State Representative Brian King who said, "When we are talking about a state symbol we would do well to come up with one that is more unifying than divisive and this is a very divisive symbol for obvious reasons.  This is just a poor choice for a state symbol".  In April 2011, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer signed a bill into law which designated the Colt Single Action Army Revolver as Arizona's state firearm.  In March 2012, Indiana adopted the Grouseland rifle as its state firearm.  This rifle is kept at Grouseland, the home of President William Henry Harrison and was made between 1803 and 1812 by John Small, who later became the first sheriff in the state.  "This rifle and its maker are both integral parts of Indiana history, and as such, the rifle is worthy of its designation as the Indiana State Rifle," said Senator John Waterman.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms

A.Word.A.Day with Anu Garg (slips of the tongue/brain)
spoonerism  (SPOO-nuh-riz-em) noun  The transposition of (usually) the initial sounds of words producing a humorous result. For example:  "It is now kisstomary to cuss the bride."  (Spooner while officiating at a wedding)  "Is the bean dizzy?"  (Spooner questioning the secretary of his dean)
After William Archibald Spooner (1844-1930), clergyman and educator, who was prone to this.  Earliest documented use:  1900.
malapropism  (MAL-uh-prop-iz-ehm) noun  The humorous misuse of a word by confusing it with a similar-sounding word.  For example, "pineapple of perfection" for "pinnacle of perfection".
After Mrs. Malaprop, a character in Richard Sheridan's play, The Rivals (1775), who confused words in this manner.  Earliest documented use:  1830.
Freudian slip  (FROI-dee-uhn slip) noun  An error that reveals someone's subconscious mind.
For example, "I wish you were her" instead of "I wish you were here." 
After Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, who proposed the idea that errors in speech, writing, etc. reveal what is in one's subconscious mind.   Earliest documented use:  1959.
eggcorn  (EG-korn) noun  An erroneous alteration of a word or phrase, by replacing an original word with a similar sounding word, such that the new word or phrase also makes a kind of sense.  For example: "ex-patriot" instead of "expatriate" and "mating name" instead of "maiden name".  Coined by linguist Geoffrey Pullum (b. 1945) in 2003.  From the substitution of the word acorn with eggcorn.  Earliest documented use as a name for this phenomenon is from 2003, though the term eggcorn has been found going back as far as 1844, as "egg corn bread" for "acorn bread".
mondegreen   (MON-di-green) noun  A word or phrase resulting from mishearing a word or phrase, especially in song lyrics.  For example:  "The girl with colitis goes by" for "The girl with kaleidoscope eyes" in the Beatles song "Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds".  Coined by author Sylvia Wright when she misinterpreted the line "laid him on the green" as "Lady Mondegreen" in the Scottish ballad "The Bonny Earl of Murray".  Earliest documented use:  1954.  

Swadeshi, the word, originates from Sanskrit.  It is a conjunction, or ‘sandhi’ of two words ‘swa’ meaning self or own and ‘desh’ meaning country.  So while swadesh means one’s own country, swadeshi is an adjective that means something or someone ‘of one’s own country’.  The antonym of swadeshi is videshi: videshi means ‘not of one’s country’.  http://swadesh.com/ 

The Swadesh list is a classic compilation of basic concepts for the purposes of historical-comparative linguistics.  Translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages.  The Swadesh list is named after the U.S. linguist Morris Swadesh.  It is used in lexicostatistics (the quantitative assessment of the genealogical relatedness of languages) and glottochronology (the dating of language divergence).  Since there are several different lists, some authors also speak about "Swadesh lists".  Find versions, authors and lists at:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh_list  Thanks, Paul. 

Jan. 29, 2013  Rush Rhees Library Welles-Brown Room, University of Rochester
Library visitors will have an opportunity to borrow and engage in conversation with a human "book," an individual from the community.  Designed to promote tolerance, celebrate differences, and encourage understanding of people who come from a variety of backgrounds, the program invites readers to check out human books for 30 minutes or participate in one-on-one or small group conversations to learn about another's life experience or special interests.   http://www.rochester.edu/diversity/eventscalendar/?event&id=795711 

Human Library: Catalog of Books, 2013  http://www.library.rochester.edu/HumanLibraryCatalog2013

Investigate the University of Rochester libraries:  River Campus Libraries, Sibley Music Library, (Eastman School of Music) Miner Library, (Medical Center) Allen Library (Memorial Art Gallery)  http://www.rochester.edu/libraries/

Monday, March 4, 2013


The Original Seven Wonders of the World were: 
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Statue of Zeus at Olympia
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Colossus of Rhodes
Lighthouse of Alexandria
The list known today was compiled in the Middle Ages—by which time many of the sites were no longer in existence.Today, the only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza.  See  lists from other eras and recent lists:
3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers
3.2 New7Wonders Foundation
3.3 USA Today's New Seven Wonders
3.4 Seven Natural Wonders of the World
3.5 New7Wonders of Nature
3.6 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World
3.7 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World
3.8 Other lists of wonders of the world
4 Seven Wonders of the Solar System  plus images at:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wonders_of_the_world#Seven_Wonders_of_the_Solar_System

Women’s History Month in the United States grew out of a weeklong celebration of women’s contributions to culture, history and society organized by the school district of Sonoma, California, in 1978.  Presentations were given at dozens of schools, hundreds of students participated in a “Real Woman” essay contest and a parade was held in downtown Santa Rosa.  A few years later, the idea had caught on within communities, school districts and organizations across the country.  In 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued the first presidential proclamation declaring the week of March 8 as National Women's History Week.  The U.S. Congress followed suit the next year, passing a resolution establishing a national celebration.  Six years later, the National Women’s History Project successfully petitioned Congress to expand the event to the entire month of March.  http://www.history.com/topics/womens-history-month  
 
Announcing the Theme for National Women's History Month March 2013
After considering over 100 ideas and suggestions sent in by our amazing supporters, we are proud to announce the theme for National Women's History Month 2013:  Women Inspiring Innovation Through Imagination:  Celebrating Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics  Congratulations to Debra Kolsrud of Johnstown, NY who created the theme!  http://www.nwhp.org/whm/index.php    

Mini-libraries are letting storm-shattered neighborhoods turn the page on Hurricane Sandy.
Bright orange boxes filled with up to 100 books have popped up outside flooded branches that remain closed in Coney Island, Gerritsen Beach, and Red Hook.  The lit-depots are a venture of Urban Librarians Unite, an advocacy group that said it wanted to bring Sandy-soaked Brooklyn the joys of the written word, creating a veritable reading rainbow in the aftermath of the storm.  See picture at:  http://www.brooklyndaily.com/stories/2013/7/all_minilibraries_2013_02_15_bk.html

What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?  Would best-selling novelist Len Deighton care to take a walk?  It was 1968, and the IBM technician who serviced Deighton’s typewriters had just heard from Deighton’s personal assistant, Ms. Ellenor Handley, that she had been retyping chapter drafts for his book in progress dozens of times over.  IBM had a machine that could help, the technician mentioned.  They were being used in the new ultramodern Shell Centre on the south bank of the Thames, not far from his Merrick Square home.  A few weeks later, Deighton stood outside his Georgian terrace home and watched as workers removed a window so that a 200-pound unit could be hoisted inside with a crane.  The machine was IBM’s MTST (Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter), sold in the European market as the MT72.  “Standing in the leafy square in which I lived, watching all this activity, I had a moment of doubt,” the author, now 84, told me in a recent email.  “I was beginning to think that I had chosen a rather unusual way to write books.”  Today, of course, many—surely most—fiction writers work with computers, laptops, and word processors just like the rest of us.  Literary scholarship generally credits Mark Twain’s Life on the Mississippi with being the first manuscript submitted to a publisher in typewritten form.  Would it be possible, I wondered when I began my research into the literary history of word processing a year and a half ago, to locate a corresponding first for the digital age?  The answer turns out to be the book Deighton published in 1970 with the aid of the MTST:  a curiously apropos novel about World War II, titled Bomber.  Matthew Kirschenbaum  Read much more at:   

Sinkholes are part of the slow, natural process of erosion in Florida’s limestone terrain that occur over thousands of years.  These common geologic phenomena generally occur where the limestone is within a few hundred feet of the land’s surface.  Though most are only 10 to 12 feet in diameter, sinkholes have been known to expand to hundreds of feet in diameter.  Many of central and north Florida’s lakes actually are the result of old sinkholes.  Rainfall percolating, or seeping, through the soil absorbs carbon dioxide and reacts with decaying vegetation, creating a slightly acidic water.  That water moves through spaces and cracks underground, slowly dissolving limestone and creating a network of cavities and voids.  As the limestone dissolves, pores and cracks are enlarged and carry even more acidic water.  Sinkholes are formed when the land surface above collapses or sinks into the cavities or when surface material is carried downward into the voids.  Drought, along with resulting high groundwater withdrawals, can make conditions favorable for sinkholes to form.  Also, heavy rains after droughts often cause enough pressure on the ground to create sinkholes.  Sinkholes can be triggered by human activities such as:  Overwithdrawal of groundwater, diverting surface water from a large area and concentrating it in a single point, artificially creating ponds of surface water, and drilling new water wells.  http://www.sjrwmd.com/watersupply/howsinkholesform.html  See also:  "Sinkholes are a fact of life in Florida."  http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/hazards/sinkholes.htm and "A sinkhole, also known as a sink, snake hole, swallow hole, swallet, doline, or cenote, is a natural depression or hole in the Earth's surface caused by karst processes — for example, the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffosion processes in sandstone."  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole   

Feb. 26, 2013  Scientists who decode the genetic history of humans by tracking how genes mutate have applied the same technique to one of the Western world's most ancient and celebrated texts to uncover the date it was first written.  The text is Homer's "Iliad," and Homer -- if there was such a person -- probably wrote it in 762 B.C., give or take 50 years, the researchers found. The "Iliad" tells the story of the Trojan War -- if there was such a war -- with Greeks battling Trojans.  The researchers accept the received orthodoxy that a war happened and someone named Homer wrote about it, said Mark Pagel, an evolutionary theorist at the University of Reading in England.  His collaborators include Eric Altschuler, a geneticist at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, in Newark, and Andreea S. Calude, a linguist also at Reading and the Sante Fe Institute in New Mexico.  They worked from the standard text of the epic poem.  The date they came up with fits the time most scholars think the "Iliad" was compiled, so the paper, published in the journal Bioessays, won't have classicists in a snit.  The study mostly affirms what they have been saying, that it was written around the eighth century B.C.  That geneticists got into such a project should be no surprise, Pagel said.  "Languages behave just extraordinarily like genes," Pagel said.  "It is directly analogous.  We tried to document the regularities in linguistic evolution and study Homer's vocabulary as a way of seeing if language evolves the way we think it does.  If so, then we should be able to find a date for Homer."  It is unlikely there ever was one individual man named Homer who wrote the "Iliad." Brian Rose, professor of classical studies and curator of the Mediterranean section at the University of Pennsylvania Museum, said it is clear the "Iliad" is a compilation of oral tradition going back to the 13th century B.C.  "It's an amalgam of lots of stories that seemed focused on conflicts in one particular area of northwestern Turkey," Rose said.  The story of the "Iliad" is well known, full of characters like Helen of Troy, Achilles, Paris, Agamemnon and a slew of gods and goddesses behaving badly.  It recounts how a gigantic fleet of Greek ships sailed across the "wine dark sea" to besiege Troy and regain a stolen wife. Its sequel is the "Odyssey."  Joel N. Shurkin  http://www.insidescience.org/content/geneticists-estimate-publication-date-iliad/946

Friday, March 1, 2013


dollars to doughnuts  noun  most assuredly or definitely
Synonyms:  dollars to buttons, dollars to cobwebs, dollars to dumplings, sure bet, sure thing  Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, 3d edition  http://thesaurus.com/browse/dollars+to+cobweb

The original Domesday Book has survived over 900 years of English history and is currently housed in a specially made chest at The National Archives in Kew, London.  This site has been set up to enable visitors to discover the history of the Domesday Book, to give an insight into life at the time of its compilation, and provide information and links on related topics.  http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/

From Frequently Asked Questions about the Domesday Book

What is the Domesday Book?  The Domesday Book is a great land survey from 1086, commissioned by William the Conqueror to assess the extent of the land and resources being owned in England at the time, and the extent of the taxes he could raise.  The information collected was recorded by hand in two huge books, in the space of around a year.  William died before it was fully completed.

Why is it called the 'Domesday' Book?  It was written by an observer of the survey that "there was no single hide nor a yard of land, nor indeed one ox nor one cow nor one pig which was left out".  The grand and comprehensive scale on which the Domesday survey took place (see How it was compiled), and the irreversible nature of the information collected led people to compare it to the Last Judgement, or 'Doomsday', described in the Bible, when the deeds of Christians written in the Book of Life were to be placed before God for judgement.  This name was not adopted until the late 12th Century.  Read much more at:  http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/faqs.html#1

100 Most Influential Books of the Century  copyright 2010 by Shane Sherman  Boston Public Library's list of "The 100 Most Influential Books of the Century". A booklist for Adults.  http://thegreatestbooks.org/lists/42


Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), one of the most recognized figures of the 20th century art who co-created such styles as Cubism and Surrealism, was also among most innovative, influential, and prolific artists of all time.  Recognized as the world's most prolific painter by the Guinness Book of World Records:  during a career that lasted 78 years he produced an estimated 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics, making a total of 147,800 works of art.  An estimated 350 of his works have been stolen, more than any other artist.  http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0681444/bio

Paperback editions of books are issued when a publisher decides to release a book in a low-cost format.  Cheap paper, glued bindings, and the lack of a hard cover contribute to the inherent low cost of paperbacks.  Paperbacks can be the preferred medium when a book is not expected to be a major seller, or in other situations where the publisher wishes to release a book without putting forth a large investment.  Examples include many novels, and newer editions or reprintings of older books.  Paperbacks include inexpensive mass-market paperbacks, in the standard "pocketbook" format.  These are generally printed on low quality paper, which will discolor and disintegrate over a period of decades.  More expensive "trade paperbacks" in larger formats are printed on quality paper such as acid-free paper.
"A Format" paperbacks are 110mm x 178mm (4.33" x 7.01") in size
"B Format" paperbacks are 129mm x 198mm (5.12" x 7.8")
"C Format" (trade paperbacks) are 135mm x 216mm (5.32" x 8.51")
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback 

Size isn't just about the physical dimensions of the book--decisions will have to be made about the size of the typeface or font used for the contents of a book, and the thickness of paper, too.  A lot of A-format paperbacks, the size associated with blockbusters and beach reads, have been "bulked" to produce that apparently highly desirable "brick of a book" look.  Bulking simply involves using thicker kinds of paper.  Slim novellas in B-format might appear even more waif-like were it not for the generous dimensions of the print and the elegantly wide margins of white space on each page.  http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/aug/11/gettingpublished 

Congressional Research Service report for Congress 7-5700 R42944  January 31, 2013
Medicare, Medicaid, and Other Health Provisions in the American Taxpayer Relief
"Several policies that would have reduced spending and increased revenues were poised to take effect at the end of 2012; collectively, these were referred to by some as the “fiscal cliff.”   On January 2, 2013, the President signed H.R. 8, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA, P.L. 112-240), which prevented most—but not all—of the fiscal cliff policies from going into effect.  This Act was passed by the Senate on January 1, 2013 by a vote of 89-8, and by the House later that day, 257-167.  Title VI of the Act extends several expiring provisions in the Medicare and Medicaid programs and makes other changes in federally funded health programs." 

A prominent French architect and structural engineer, Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel (born on December 15, 1832 in Dijon, France) was the second designer of the internal structural elements of the Statue of Liberty.  In his early work designing railway bridges, Eiffel relied on sophisticated mathematical designs renowned for their lightness, grace, and strength.  When the Statue of Liberty's initial internal designer, Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, unexpectedly passed away in 1879, the Franco American Union and Auguste Bartholdi hired Eiffel as his replacement.  While Eiffel praised and retained Viollet-le-Duc's plans for the sculpting and connection of the copper sheets (he would use Viollet-le-Duc's repoussé technique and armature bars), he ultimately changed the initial plans for the interior design in favor of a modern approach.  The Statue's new support system would not rely on weight to support the copper skin but rather a skeletal support system.   Once his plans were approved, Eiffel supervised the Statue's internal construction until its completion in late 1883.  A few years later, Eiffel began his most famous project:  the Eiffel Tower which was completed for Paris's World Fair in 1889.  Eiffel died on December 27, 1923 in Paris, France.  See images at:  http://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/alexandre-gustave-eiffel.htm