Twitter, founded by Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams in March 2006 (launched publicly in July 2006), is a social networking and micro-blogging service that allows users to post their latest updates. An update is limited by 140 characters and can be posted through three methods: web form, text message, or instant message. http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/10/in-battle-over-the-tweet-trademark-twitter-sues-twittad/

Twitter owns a family of TWEET marks — cotweet, retweet, and tweetdeck — but in December 2010, its application to register the famous TWEET mark itself was denied. Why? In October 2009, the PTO granted registration of LET YOUR AD MEET TWEETS to Filmfitti, LLC, who assigned it to Twittad, a provider of online advertising. In the PTO’s denial of Twitter’s application, they cited a conflict with Twittad’s registration as LET YOUR AD MEET TWEETS and TWEET would be too similar from the consumer’s perspective. After some ineffective attempts at resolving this dispute, Twitter has filed a complaint with the United States District Court in Northern California for the cancellation of Twittad’s registration under 15 U.S.C. §1119, which holds that “in any action involving a registered mark the court may determine the right to registration [and] order the cancellation of registrations, in whole or in part.” In suing Twittad under the Lanham Act, Twitter alleges a dispute of the validity and “registerability” of Twittad’s mark. As the registration was issued less than five years ago, there are no available claims of incontestability to the petition to cancel a registration. 15 U.S.C. §1064(1) (2006).
http://sips.blogs.wm.edu/2011/09/21/twitter-inc-v-twittad-llc/

The simple CARDINAL NUMERALS are:
0 zero
1 un 10 dece
2 duo 20 vinti
3 tres 30 trenta
4 quatro 40 quaranta
5 cinque 50 cinquanta
6 sex 60 sexanta
7 septe 70 septanta
8 octo 80 octanta
9 nove 90 novanta
Note: From cinquanta on the tens are regularly derived from the ones by means of the suffix -anta.
Find about the the suffix -illion, examples, and the ordinal numerals at: http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/parts_of_speech/numerals.html

Sabermetrics is the specialized analysis of baseball through objective, empirical evidence; specifically baseball statistics that measure in-game activity. Industry-based statistics, such as attendance, are not used in sabermetrics. The term is derived from the acronym SABR, which stands for the Society for American Baseball Research. It was coined by Bill James, who is one of its pioneers and is often considered its most prominent advocate and public face. Sabermetricians frequently question traditional measures of baseball skill. For instance, they doubt that batting average is as useful as conventional wisdom says it is because team batting average provides a relatively poor fit for team runs scored. Sabermetric reasoning would say that runs win ballgames, and that a good measure of a player's worth is his ability to help his team score more runs than the opposing team. This may imply that the traditional RBI is an effective metric; however, sabermetricians also reject RBI, for a number of reasons. Rather, sabermetric measures are usually phrased in terms of either runs or team wins. See examples of sabermetric measurements at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabermetrics

Search pasta design in your favorite search engine or see fantastic pictures at the two following sites:

The Geometry of Pasta by designer Caz Hildebrand and chef Jacob Kenedy
http://www.theimport.co.uk/2010/05/the-geometry-of-pasta/

Pasta by Design by London-based architect George L. Legendre
http://www.dezeen.com/2011/08/16/competition-five-copies-of-pasta-by-design-to-be-won/

Everything you see I owe to pasta. Sophia Loren (b. 1934) Italian actress

Each season, New York City Ballet puts on a gala fundraiser, and the aim is always to create a little buzz – with a new work, or an interesting honoree. This year’s gala on September 22, featuring McCartney’s ”Ocean’s Kingdom,” surely had more buzz than all past galas combined. McCartney, who sang his heart out to packed Yankee Stadium crowds this summer and, at 69, seems to grow ever busier, has already released four classical albums, beginning with ”Liverpool Oratorio” in 1991. He had never, though, written a ballet score. With ”Ocean’s Kingdom” (a recording will be released next month), he not only accomplished that but wrote the story and contributed to virtually every aspect of the production. His daughter, Stella, created the costumes.
http://www.dawn.com/2011/09/24/paul-mccartney-beatle-and-ballet-composer-too.html

Poet Marcus Jackson http://www.poetmarcusjackson.com/about will return to his native Toledo and appear at The University of Toledo on October 6. His poetry has appeared in The New Yorker, Harvard Review, and The Cincinnati Review, among many other publications.
Book Release Reading
"Please join in celebrating the publication of Neighborhood Register, Marcus Jackson’s first full-length collection of poems. The author will share his work and sign books, which will be available for purchase."
Thursday, October 6, 6:00-8:00 PM
The University of Toledo's
Driscoll Alumni Center, Room 1019
2801 W. Bancroft Street

There are two types of font family names
family-name : The name of a font-family, like "times", "courier", "arial", etc.
generic-family: The name of a generic-family, like "serif", "sans-serif", "cursive", "fantasy", "monospace".
http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_font_font-family.asp

In typography, a sans-serif, sans serif or san serif typeface is one that does not have the small projecting features called "serifs" at the end of strokes. The term comes from the French word sans, meaning "without". In print, sans-serif fonts are more typically used for headlines than for body text. The conventional wisdom holds that serifs help guide the eye along the lines in large blocks of text. Sans-serifs, however, have acquired considerable acceptance for body text in Europe. Sans-serif fonts have become the de facto standard for body text on-screen, especially online. This is partly because interlaced displays may show twittering on the fine details of the horizontal serifs. Additionally, the low resolution of digital displays in general can make fine details like serifs disappear or appear too large. Before the term “sans-serif” became standard in English typography, a number of other terms had been used. One of these outmoded terms for sans serif was gothic, which is still used in East Asian typography and sometimes seen in font names like Century Gothic. Sans-serif fonts are sometimes, especially in older documents, used as a device for emphasis, due to their typically blacker type color. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif
Common sans-serif fonts are Helvetica and Arial. Common serif fonts are Times and Times New Roman. Common monospace fonts, designed to mimic typewritten output, are Courier and Courier New.
Find more, plus examples and a link to the history of typefaces at: http://web.mit.edu/jmorzins/www/fonts.html

I use Times New Roman for the muse--but, on occasion, some or all of the typeface morphs into Arial as I prepare e-mails for distribution.

Website of the day Cervantes Project http://cervantes.tamu.edu/V2/CPI/index.html
Sept. 29 is the birthday of Miguel de Cervantes (who was born in 1547). This site has biographical information, a bibliography, articles, artwork and more.
Number to Know 1: Ranking of “Don Quixote” in a poll by The Guardian on the greatest novel of all time.
This Day in History Sept. 29, 2005: The U.S. Senate confirms John Roberts as chief justice.
Daily Quote “A proverb is a short sentence based on long experience.” Miguel de Cervantes http://www.wickedlocal.com/swampscott/newsnow/x371957129/Morning-Minutes-Sept-29#axzz1ZLVKCkDK

News, records, and analysis of legislation, litigation, and regulation affecting the computer, internet, communications and information technology sectors and many helpful links are found at: http://www.techlawjournal.com/ You may subscribe to daily e-mail alerts and see top stories from 2002 onward. The web site has been continuously published since March of 1998. The TLJ Daily E-Mail Alert has been published since August of 2000. Tech Law Journal is an independent, for profit, news publishing business located in Washington DC. There is no affiliation with any other publisher, company, interest group, political party, or other political entity.

Certiorari is a Latin word meaning "to be informed of, or to be made certain in regard to". It is also the name given to certain appellate proceedings for re-examination of actions of a trial court, or inferior appeals court. The U.S. Supreme Court still uses the term certiorari in the context of appeals.
Petition for Writ of Certiorari. (informally called "Cert Petition.") A document which a losing party files with the Supreme Court asking the Supreme Court to review the decision of a lower court. It includes a list of the parties, a statement of the facts of the case, the legal questions presented for review, and arguments as to why the Court should grant the writ.
Writ of Certiorari. A decision by the Supreme Court to hear an appeal from a lower court.
Cert. Denied. The abbreviation used in legal citations to indicate that the Supreme Court denied a Petition for Writ of Certiorari in the case being cited.
http://www.techlawjournal.com/glossary/legal/certiorari.htm

It's Cert., to Be Sure. But How Do They Say It? Let's Count the Ways
Black's Law Dictionary actually considers certiorari a five-syllable word, with the "o" pronounced separately, as occurs in "ratio." According to Charles Harrington Elster, the pronunciation editor of Black's, this usage follows English rules, which, he says, quite clearly prescribe that vowels at the end of accented syllables are long, and that "i" at the end of a word is always long. But Elster is willing to grant the justices, and everyone else, a pass on that point, chalking it up to the phenomenon known as syncope -- the loss or omission of a sound in the middle of a widely-used word. Syncope is why most Americans say "chok-lit" instead of sounding out each letter in "chocolate." Read about the dispute on pronunciation between attorneys, justices and editors at: http://sobek.colorado.edu/~mciverj/WP_Certiorari_120301.html

Soaking Beans: Beans can be cooked without soaking, but they will take much longer to cook. There are two ways of soaking them to reduce the cooking time:
1. Soak the beans in plenty of water for 6 to 10 hours.
2. The quicker method is to boil the washed beans in plenty of water in a large saucepan for 2 minutes, then remove from the heat, cover the pan, and let the beans soak for 1 hour.
Always drain and then cook in fresh water.
Lynn Rossetto Kasper Weeknight Kitchen September 21, 2011

Viz. is an abbreviation of videlicet, which itself is a contraction from Latin of "videre licet" meaning "it is permitted to see." Both forms introduce a specification or description of something stated earlier; this is often a list preceded by a colon (:). Although both forms survive in English, viz. is far more common than videlicet. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz.

The motto of Government Attic, a Web site providing federal government documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, is Videre licet. See at: http://www.governmentattic.org/

Throughout major league baseball, tobacco spit mixes with the shells of sunflower seeds and bubblegum wrappers on dugout floors On paper if not in practice, smokeless tobacco has been banned by the minor leagues and by the NCAA, a reflection of the rising concern about oral cancer and other illnesses linked to tobacco. Now, with support from Commissioner Bud Selig, Major League Baseball is weighing whether to strike down one of baseball's grittiest traditions and prohibit tobacco use in the majors. But as baseball's regular season wraps up September 28, followed by playoff openers Friday and Saturday, it's clear that many players — whose union would have to agree to such a change — will resist. Smokeless tobacco, long entwined with baseball history, has been part of their baseball upbringing, even as health warnings about it have increased. And a ban at the major league level, while pragmatic for the sake of health and appearance, isn't a popular idea in team clubhouses.
http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/story/2011-09-26/baseball-cant-kick-tobacco-habit/50559914/1

The Top 10 Books Lost to Time
Before the Iliad and the Odyssey, there was the Margites. Little is known about the plot of the comedic epic poem—Homer’s first work—written around 700 B.C. But a few surviving lines, woven into other works, describe the poem’s foolish hero, Margites. “He knew many things, but all badly” (from Plato’s Alcibiades). “The gods taught him neither to dig nor to plough, nor any other skill; he failed in every craft” (from Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics).
It is unfortunate that no copy of Margites exists because Aristotle held it in high acclaim. In his On the Art of Poetry, he wrote, “[Homer] was the first to indicate the forms that comedy was to assume, for his Margites bears the same relationship to comedies as his Iliad and Odyssey bear to our tragedies.” Read about the other nine lost works (Bible, Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Herman Melville and others) at:
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/The-Top-10-Books-Lost-to-Time.html

Sept. 28 Word of the Day
Quorum KWOR-um (noun) A select group; the number (as a majority) of officers or members of a body that when duly assembled is legally competent to transact business www.merriam-webster.com
This Day in History Sept. 28, 1787: The newly completed U.S. Constitution is voted on by the U.S. Congress to be sent to the state Legislatures for approval.
http://www.hollandsentinel.com/newsnow/x1987955149/Morning-Minutes-9-28-11

Scilicet is a Latin word formed from the two words scire, meaning to know, and licet, meaning it is permitted. Put into modern English: namely, that is to say or to wit. Scilicet is found in some of the very earliest English reports, those which have come down to us from a time when the Latin language was still the language of the court reports. For example: scilicet is found in the Plea Rolls; Pleas of Michaelmas Term for 1207; the abbreviation scil. in the Plea Rolls, Manor King's Ripton, 1288; the abbreviation sclt12' in the Plea Rolls, Civil Pleas, Michaelmas Term for 1201; the abbreviation s in the Plea Rolls, Civil Pleas for Lincolnshire Eyre for 1202; scilicet in the Coroner's Rolls of Bedfordshire for 1271. The green bag: a useless but entertaining magazine for lawyers, Volume 25, p. 60
http://books.google.com/books?id=VTEZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=scilicet+contraction&source=bl&ots=LYXPQfLcc7&sig=K7aLqNK-0Co_dMzp0YksLeaFhIg&hl=en&ei=a394TouXOMHFgAeMk7jVDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=scilicet%20contraction&f=false

What Is That “SS” Thing? These two little letters appear at the beginning of virtually every affidavit filed in the United States despite the fact that nobody knows for certain what they stand for. Seriously: ‘ss’ is sometimes said to be short for scilicet (‘one may know’); other suggestions include subscripsi, sans, sacertotes, sanctissimus, Spiritus Scnctus, and sunt. Black’s Law Dictionary will only go so far as to say that it is ‘supposed to be a contraction of scilicet.’ And yet, no self-respecting lawyer will draft an affidavit without it.”
http://inchambers.wordpress.com/2011/05/02/in-chambers-13/

The phrase smart as paint appears a couple of times in R L Stevenson’s book Treasure Island, the first time as: “Now, Hawkins, you do me justice with the cap’n. You’re a lad, you are, but you’re as smart as paint. I see that when you first come in.” It was only one of many versions that have been invented from the 1850s onwards, among them fresh as paint, snug as paint, clever as paint, pretty as paint, and handsome as paint. They’re all similes that draw on some special quality of paint, but smart as paint punningly combines two senses of smart — the idea of new paint being bright and fresh in appearance and that of a person who is quick-witted and intelligent. It seems to have been Stevenson’s own invention. http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-sma3.htm

Pope Pius V issued a papal bull titled De Salute Gregis in November 1567 which forbade fighting of bulls and any other beasts as the voluntary risk to life endangered the soul of the combatants, but it was abolished eight years later by his successor, Pope Gregory XIII, at the request of king Philip II. Bullfighting was introduced in Uruguay in 1776 by Spain and abolished by Uruguayan law in February 1912. Bullfighting was also introduced in Argentina by Spain but after Argentina's independence the event drastically diminished in popularity and was abolished in 1899 under law 2786. Bullfighting also saw a presence in Cuba during its colonial period but was quickly abolished after its independence in 1901. During the 18th and 19th centuries bullfighting in Spain was banned at several occasions (for instance by Philip V) but always reinstituted later by other governments. Several cities around the world have symbolically declared themselves to be Anti-Bullfighting Cities, including Barcelona, where the last bullfighting ring closed in 2006. On 18 December 2009, the parliament of Catalonia, one of Spain's seventeen Autonomous Communities, approved by majority the preparation of a law to ban bullfighting in Catalonia, as a response to a popular initiative against bullfighting that gathered more than 180,000 signatures. On 28 July 2010, with the two main parties allowing their members a free vote, the ban was passed 68 to 55, with 9 abstentions. This meant Catalonia became the second Community of Spain (first was Canary Islands in 1991), and the first on the mainland, to ban bullfighting. The ban takes effect in January 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfighting#Bans

Q: What's the worst U.S. airport?
A: For on-time flights, Newark Liberty International Airport is "worst of the worst." Forty of the nation's 100 most-delayed flights use it. The Wall Street Journal.
Q: In what language was the Magna Carta written, and to whom was it addressed?
A: It was was addressed, in Latin: "To the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justices, foresters, sheriffs, reeves, ministers, and to all bailiffs, and faithful subjects." U.S. Archives.
Q: What did Yogi Berra say?
A: "Even Napoleon had his Watergate." Various sources.
http://www.thecourier.com/Opinion/columns/2011/Sep/JU/ar_JU_092611.asp?d=092611,2011,Sep,26&c=c_13

Word of the Day for September 27
Veridical vuh-RID-ih-kul (adj.) Truthful, veracious; not illusory, genuine www.merriam-webster.com
Daily Quote "The most powerful argument of all for saving open space is economics; in most states, tourism is the number two industry." Jim Fowler
http://www.norwichbulletin.com/newsnow/x1804874909/Morning-Minutes-Sept-27#axzz1Z9FYz0G1

September 24−October 1, 2011
Banned Books Week (BBW) is an annual event celebrating the freedom to read and the importance of the First Amendment. Held during the last week of September, Banned Books Week highlights the benefits of free and open access to information while drawing attention to the harms of censorship by spotlighting actual or attempted bannings of books across the United States. Banned Books Week is sponsored by the American Booksellers Association; American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression; the American Library Association; American Society of Journalists and Authors; Association of American Publishers; and the National Association of College Stores. It is endorsed by the Center for the Book in the Library of Congress. In 2011, the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund; National Coalition Against Censorship; National Council of Teachers of English; and PEN American Center also signed on as sponsors.
http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/banned/bannedbooksweek/index.cfm?gclid=CNDEsY-IuKsCFUJo5QodJlJPgQ

The state tree of Ohio, but native to much of the central eastern United States, the Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra) bears flowers with both male and female organs on the same tree. It is a monoecious species -- there are not separate male or female trees. http://www.ehow.com/facts_7800215_ohio-buckeye-male-plant-seeds.html

Why do we say an hour rather than a hour? Because the H is silent, meaning the word starts with a vowel sound. Other examples are honor and honest. We also say an SUV. in this case because the acronym starts with an EH sound.

What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns. English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article. Find rules for articles, when to omit the, and count/noncount nouns at: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/540/01/

The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) or the American War of Independence, or simply the Revolutionary War, began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America, and ended in a global war between several European great powers. The war was the result of the political American Revolution, which galvanized around the dispute between the Parliament of Great Britain and colonists opposed to the Stamp Act of 1765, which the Americans protested as unconstitutional. The Parliament insisted on its right to tax colonists; the Americans claimed their rights as Englishmen to no taxation without representation. The Americans formed a unifying Continental Congress and a shadow government in each colony. The American boycott of British tea led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773. London responded by ending self government in Massachusetts and putting it under the control of the army with General Thomas Gage as governor. In April of 1775, Gage sent a contingent of troops out of Boston to seize rebel arms. Local militia, known as 'minutemen,' confronted the British troops and nearly destroyed the British column. The Battles of Lexington and Concord ignited the war. Any chance of a compromise ended when the colonies declared independence and formed a new nation, the United States of America on July 4, 1776. France, Spain and the Dutch Republic all secretly provided supplies, ammunition and weapons to the revolutionaries starting early in 1776. A British invasion from Canada ended in the capture of the British army at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. That American victory persuaded France to enter the war openly in early 1778, balancing the two sides' military strength. Spain and the Dutch Republic—French allies—also went to war with Britain over the next two years, threatening an invasion of Great Britain and severely testing British military strength with campaigns in Europe. Spain's involvement culminated in the expulsion of British armies from West Florida, securing the American southern flank. French involvement proved decisive yet expensive as it ruined France's economy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War

Quotes
Iron rusts from disuse, stagnant water loses its purity, and in cold
weather becomes frozen: even so does inaction sap the vigors of the mind.
Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Italian painter, sculptor, inventor

Innovative university buildings illustrate that architecture can contribute immeasurably to creating an environment and culture of inquiry. It should also be true, then, that architecture can make learning spaces that realize that inquiry metaphor in educational settings as well. That this is happening now around the world, with innovative and exciting new architectures in both university and primary/secondary education, is incredibly exciting. These new buildings include the new →science building at Columbia University, designed by Pritzker-winning Rafel Moneo; the spectacular new →Collaborative Research Center which bridges two existing academic and laboratory buildings at Rockefeller University; and the new →California Stem Cell Institute Research Building at the University of California San Francisco. See fantastic pictures at: http://reparametrization.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/reimagining-science-and-education-through-architecture/

Why are most PDF documents found through Web searches magnified to about 200% ? You have to change that to 100% to read easily. I saw one this morning from The Toledo Museum of Art that was magnified to over 300%.

A six-ton, bus-size NASA climate satellite will fall to Earth on September 23. It is expected to break into more than a hundred pieces as it plunges through the atmosphere, most of it burning up. The best guess so far is that the 20-year-old Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite will hit sometime Friday afternoon or early evening, Eastern time. The latest calculations indicate it won't be over the U.S., Canada and Mexico during that time. Until Thursday, every continent but Antarctica was a potential target. Predicting where and when the satellite will land is an imprecise science, but officials should be able to narrow it down a few hours ahead of time. While most of the satellite pieces will disintegrate, 26 metal chunks—the largest about 300 pounds—are expected to hit somewhere on the planet.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903703604576588442386872646.html

Science educator James Drake has created a one-minute timelapse video of the International Space Station (ISS) circling the globe, which provides a fascinating look at Earth from above. According to UniverseToday.com, Drake created the video by combining 600 photos that are available via the Johnson Space Center's Gateway to Astronomy Photograph of Earth, an online repository of photographs taken by astronauts. The images are taken from the front of the ISS as it orbits the planet at night. The video starts over the Pacific Ocean and continues over North and South America before entering daylight near Antarctica. "Visible cities, countries and landmarks include (in order) Vancouver Island, Victoria, Vancouver, Seattle, Portland, San Fransisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, multiple cities in Texas, New Mexico and Mexico, Mexico City, the Gulf of Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula, lightning in the Pacific Ocean, Guatemala, Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and the Amazon," Drake said in his video description. "Also visible is the earths ionosphere (thin yellow line) and the stars of our galaxy." Drake said he used Virtualdub to create the final movie. He has more images of the universe on his blog, Infinity Imagined.
Click on the video at the bottom:
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2393209,00.asp#fbid=ihsNDIu-QML

Banned Books Week is celebrated in the US every year. This year it's Sept. 24 - Oct. 1. To mark this week we'll feature words to describe various forms of books.
vade mecum (VAY/VAH-dee MEE/MAY-kuhm) noun
A book for ready reference, such as a manual or guidebook.
From Latin vade mecum (go with me), from vadere (to go) + me (me) + cum (with). Earliest documented use: 1629.
chapbook (CHAP-book) noun
A small book or pamphlet containing stories, poems, or religious tracts.
From chapman book, a small, cheap book sold by a chapman or a colporteur. Earliest documented use: 1824.
omnibus (OM-ni-bus) noun or adjective
noun 1. A volume reprinting several works by one author or works on one theme. 2. A public vehicle designed to carry a large number of people.
adjective Including or dealing with many things at once.
From French, from Latin omnibus (for all). Ultimately from the Indo-European root op- (to work, produce) that is also the ancestor of words such as opera, opulent, optimum, maneuver, manure, operose and inure. Earliest documented use: 1829. A.Word.A.Day with Anu Garg

More on service animals Thanks, Beth
There are a growing number of people that train miniature horses for use as guide or service animals. Horses are intelligent and have a sweet disposition. They are small enough to transport in a car, and are not easily distracted in crowds. Horses possess a natural guide instinct, are protective, and can be housebroken. They are quiet and may live 30 to 40 years. Read more, including how to care for a miniature horse at: http://maryeaudet.hubpages.com/hub/Miniature-Horses

The ancestor of the waffle was nothing more than a rustic cake made of cereal's pulps, prepared and cooked by the men of the Neolithic on heated stones. Once the face of the cake in contact with the stones was gilded, they turned it over to let the other face cooking . Once somebody had the idea to replace the stone by an iron plate, the pancake was born. Once somebody found that the cooking would go quicker with 2 heated iron plates at both sides at the same time, it was the beginning of the waffle. It was a long time ago and the word "waffle" didn't exist yet. The word "gaufre" (waffle in English) is coming from the "walfre" at the twelve century. In old French, "wafel" meant at that time "piece of honey (bee-) hive". There are thick waffles (The Liege's waffles) , thin waffles (The Brussels's waffles), soft waffles, the waffles made of puff pastry, hunting waffles, and seasonal filled waffles with fresh fruits (cherries, prunes, apples, blueberries, apricots). The waffle is a Belgian culinary specialty. Each part of the country has its own recipe, even if the main ingredients (flour, milk, sugar and eggs) are the same. T he recipes are handed over from one generation to the following one. Brussels's waffles are big, rectangular (circular in the US) and very light. They are always eaten warm with toppings. The name of Belgian waffles is probably coming from Americans who had eaten Brussels's waffles in the capital of Europe. http://www.augustinswaffles.com/history.php

September 22 was National Centenarian Day, a day to recognize, honor and listen to the stories of individuals who have lived a century or longer. I played background music from the 1920s and 1930s on piano at a nearby celebration, and listened to several centenarians plus their friends and relatives weave their tales. I hadn't known in advance I was in for such an emotional experience.

National Centenarian Awareness Project was founded in 1989 by Lynn Peters Adler, J.D. When Lynn Peters Adler was 15 years old, she went shopping with her grandmother for her Christmas gift, a new winter coat. As Lynn’s grandmother was completing the purchase, the saleswoman asked Lynn, “How does she want to pay for this?” Realizing that the saleswoman was ignoring her grandmother, Lynn replied, “Why don’t you ask her?” Lynn began to pay attention after that and noticed that people did treat her grandmother differently, often indifferently, and sometimes even within the family. In 1995 Ms. Adler wrote a seminal book titled Centenarians: The Bonus Years. The book received excellent reviews as a contemporary window into the lives of remarkable people who have lived 100 years or more. http://www.adlercentenarians.org/about_Lynn.html

Website of the Day Bruce Springsteen http://www.brucespringsteen.net/news/index.html
If you’re a fan of Bruce Springsteen – whose birthday is today – head to the official website, which has all the information you need about The Boss and his work.
Number to Know 20: Number of Grammy Awards that Bruce Springsteen has won.
This Day in History Sept. 23, 1909: “The Phantom of the Opera,” a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux, is first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois.
Today’s Featured Birthday Musician Bruce Springsteen (62)
http://www.mcdonoughvoice.com/newsnow/x371950236/Morning-Minutes-Sept-23

French fries aren't French—they're Belgian. And in a country without a single common language, the humble snack is a potent national symbol. That's why farmers, fryers and foodies are battling over the future of the potato which made Belgium great: the bintje. First grown a century ago, the bintje potato flourished in flat, rainy Belgium and fed the nation through two world wars. One legend has it American soldiers got a taste for the snack, taking it on to achieve global fame and misattributing its nationality in the process. And it makes delicious, golden frites, which are then served up with mayonnaise. "The bintje is irreplaceable in terms of taste and crunchiness," Pierre Lebrun, agronomist and head of the Walloon potato growers' association, said to an audience of hundreds of farmers at Potato Europe 2011, a trade show earlier this month. "It's intrinsic to Belgium." In this country of 10 million, the question Mr. Lebrun poses—"to bintje or not to bintje"—isn't small potatoes. Belgium's per capita annual french fry consumption exceeds America's by about a third. The picture-postcard city of Bruges is home to the world's only french fry museum. There's even an iPhone app to help hungry Belgians locate their nearest fix. It's an empire built on bintje. Yet while Belgium's potato production has nearly tripled since 1999, bintje cultivation has stagnated since 1996.
Learn how to cook fries and the origin of the name bintje at: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903927204576573201537015890.html

Roadway noise is the collective sound energy emanating from motor vehicles. In the USA it contributes more to environmental noise exposure than any other noise source, and is constituted chiefly of engine, tire, aerodynamic and braking elements. Traffic operations noise is affected significantly by vehicle speeds, since sound energy roughly doubles for each increment of ten miles an hour in vehicle velocity; an exception to this rule occurs at very low speeds where braking and acceleration noise dominate over aerodynamic noise. Small reductions in vehicle noise occurred in the 1970s as states and provinces enforced unmuffled vehicle ordinances. The vehicle fleet noise has not changed very much over the last three decades; however, if the trend in hybrid vehicle use continues, substantial noise reduction will occur, especially in the regime of traffic flow below 35 miles per hour. As a pedestrian safety issue, hybrid vehicles are so quiet at low speeds that the customary warning noise may not alert the pedestrian to nearby danger, creating a potential hazard for visually impaired people, who rely on such noise to navigate in areas of heavy traffic. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noise

Through thick and thin: Through all forms of obstacle that are put in one's way.
'Through thick and thin' is one of the English language's older expressions and one that has maintained its figurative meaning over many centuries. It is venerable enough to date from the times when England was still a predominantly wooded country, with few roads and where animals grazed on what was known as wood pasture, i.e. mixed woodland and grass. The phrase originated as 'through thicket and thin wood', which was a straightforward literal description of any determined progress through the 'thick' English countryside. The earliest citation I can find that uses our contemporary wording is in Richard Baxter's religious text A Saint Or a Brute: The Certain Necessity and Excellency of Holiness, 1662: "Men do fancy a necessity [of holiness] where there is none, yet that will carry them through thick and thin." http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/through-thick-and-thin.html

2011 films shot in the Midwest
A Year in Mooring Traverse City, Michigan
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1536374/
The Ides of March Cincinnati, Covington, Newport and Oxford (Ohio and Kentucky)
http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110910/ENT02/109100338/Cincinnati-fantastic-says-Clooney-s-Ides-co-writer

Overuse of the word iconic continues. A May 25 search on Google brought 35,700,000 results. A September 13 search brought 80,700,000 results.

Q: Is Carnegie pronounced "CAR-na-gee" or "Car-NAY-gee"?
A: It's the former for the libraries, New York music hall, Pennsylvania town, and Pittsburgh university. It's the latter for their benefactor, industrialist Andrew Carnegie.
Q: Why do some broadcast stations start with W and others start with K?
A: In 1928, the Federal Radio Commission decreed that all radio stations east of the Mississippi River be licensed with call letters beginning with W, and stations west of the river be licensed with call letters beginning with K. Also, new radio licenses had to have four letters. Existing radio stations could keep their call letters. For example, venerable stations KDKA and KQV are in Pittsburgh and WOR is in New York. Television call letters followed suit. Various sources.
http://www.thecourier.com/Opinion/columns/2011/Sep/JU/ar_JU_091911.asp?d=091911,2011,Sep,19&c=c_13

Erich Campbell, a student at St. Petersburg College’s Tarpon Springs campus, was driving his Toyota Tundra pickup on the Veterans Expressway in Tampa on a Monday night, Dec. 7, 2009, when he spotted two black-and-tan state trooper cruisers parked in the median. When he saw them, he said, he flashed his headlights on and off a few times to alert motorists headed in the opposite direction. The Florida Highway Patrol pulled Campbell over and ticketed him. Flashing your lights is illegal, they said. The ticket was for $115, but Hillsborough County Judge Raul Palomino dismissed it and Campbell never paid a dime. Claiming no such law exists, Campbell, 38, of Land O’Lakes, got angry. Now he wants to get even: He filed a lawsuit on behalf of every other driver in Florida ticketed for the same violation over the past six years, accusing police of misinterpreting state law and violating motorists’ free speech rights. Campbell and his attorney, J. Marc Jones of Oviedo, say police are misinterpreting a law that’s meant to ban drivers from having strobe lights in their cars or official-looking blue police lights. Soon after Campbell sued the state, the Highway Patrol on Aug. 29 ordered all troopers to stop issuing tickets to motorists who use headlights as a signal to other drivers. “You are directed to suspend enforcement action for this type of driver behavior,” said the memo from Grady Garrick, acting deputy director of patrol operations. Campbell’s lawsuit, filed in circuit court in Tallahassee, cites similar cases in Escambia, Osceola, Seminole and St. Lucie counties in which tickets for flashing were all dismissed by judges. “In each of these examples,” the lawsuit claims, “Florida courts properly found that [the law] does not prohibit the flashing of headlights as a means of communication,” which the suit calls “a right of free speech.” http://staugustine.com/news/local-news/2011-09-13/motorist-goes-court-over-little-known-flashing-headlights-law

Service animals in the workplace The Accommodation and Compliance Series by Job Accomodation Network (JAN) is a starting point in the accommodation process and may not address every situation. Accommodations should be made on a case by case basis, considering each employee’s individual limitations and accommodation needs. For information on assistive technology and other accommodation ideas, visit JAN's Searchable Online Accommodation Resource (SOAR) at http://AskJAN.org/soar. A service animal is an animal that performs a task or tasks for a person with a disability to help overcome limitations resulting from the disability. Federal law defines service animal as "any dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability. Other species of animals, whether wild or domestic, trained or untrained, are not service animals for the purposes of this definition. The work or tasks performed by a service animal must be directly related to the individual's disability." According to the Delta Society, a human-services organization dedicated to improving people's health and well-being through positive interactions with animals: Service animals are legally defined under title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act and are trained to meet the disability-related needs of their handlers who have disabilities. The ADA protects the rights of individuals with disabilities to be accompanied by their service animals in public places. Service animals are not considered 'pets' Therapy animals are not legally defined by federal law, but some states have laws defining therapy animals. They provide people with contact to animals, but are not limited to working with people who have disabilities. They are usually the personal pets of their handlers, and work with their handlers to provide services to others. Federal laws have no provisions for people to be accompanied by therapy animals in places of public accommodation that have "no pets" policies. Therapy animals usually are not service animals. A companion animal is not legally defined, but is accepted as another term for pet. Social/therapy animals have no legal definition. They often are animals that did not complete service animal or service dog training due to health, disposition, trainability, or other factors, and are made available as pets for people who have disabilities. These animals might or might not meet the definition of service animals.
http://askjan.org/media/servanim.html

hinterland noun
1. Often, hinterlands. the remote or less developed parts of a country; back country
2. the land lying behind a coastal region.
3. an area or sphere of influence in the unoccupied interior claimed by the state possessing the coast.
4. an inland area supplying goods, esp. trade goods, to a port.
also called Umland
tributary region, either rural or urban or both, that is closely linked economically with a nearby town or city.
George G. Chisholm (Handbook of Commercial Geography, 1888) transcribed the German word hinterland (land in back of), as hinderland, and used it to refer to the backcountry of a port or coastal settlement. Chisholm continued to use hinderland in subsequent editions of his Handbook, but the use of hinterland, in the same context, gained more widespread acceptance. In the early 20th century, Andre Allix adopted the German word Umland (“land around”) to describe the economic realm of an inland town, while continuing to accept hinterland in reference to ports. Allix pointed out that umland (now a standard English term) is found in late 19th-century German dictionaries, but suggested that its use in the sense of “environs” dates back to the 15th century. Since Allix introduced the term umland, the differences between the meanings of hinterland and umland have become less distinct. The use of hinterland began to dominate references to coastal and inland tributary regions in the mid-20th century. Central-place hexagonal trade areas are often referred to as central-place hinterlands. The term urban hinterland has become commonplace when referring to city or metropolitan tributary regions that are closely tied to the central city. An example of a metropolitan hinterland is the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as designated by the U.S. Census Bureau. MSA's are comprised of a central city, defined by the corporate limits; an urbanized, built-up area contiguous to the central city; and a non-urbanized area, delimited on a county basis, economically tied to the central city.
http://universalium.academic.ru/127387/hinterland

The nation's second-largest Indian tribe formally booted from membership thousands of descendants of black slaves who were brought to Oklahoma more than 170 years ago by Native American owners. The Cherokee nation voted after the Civil War to admit the slave descendants to the tribe. But on August 22, the Cherokee nation Supreme Court ruled that a 2007 tribal decision to kick the so-called "Freedmen" out of the tribe was proper. The controversy stems from a footnote in the brutal history of U.S. treatment of Native Americans. When many Indians were forced to move to what later became Oklahoma from the eastern U.S. in 1838, some who had owned plantations in the South brought along their slaves. Some 4,000 Indians died during the forced march, which became known as the "Trail of Tears." "And our ancestors carried the baggage," said Marilyn Vann, the Freedman leader who is a plaintiff in the legal battle. Officially, there are about 2,800 Freedmen, but another 3,500 have tribal membership applications pending, and there could be as many as 25,000 eligible to enter the tribe, according to Vann. The tribal court decision was announced one day before absentee ballots were to be mailed in the election of the Cherokee Principal Chief. A lawsuit challenging the Freedman's removal from the tribe has been pending in federal court in Washington, for about six years. As a sovereign nation, Cherokee Nation officials maintain that the tribe has the right to amend its constitutional membership requirements. Removal from the membership rolls means the Freedmen will no longer be eligible for free health care and other benefits such as education concessions.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/24/us-oklahoma-cherokee-idUSTRE77N08F20110824

Unbeknownst to owner Joe Angelastri, cyber thieves planted a software program on the cash registers at his two Chicago-area magazine shops that sent customer credit-card numbers to Russia. MasterCard Inc. demanded an investigation, at Mr. Angelastri's expense, and the whole ordeal left him out about $22,000. His experience highlights a growing threat to small businesses. Hackers are expanding their sights beyond multinationals to include any business that stores data in electronic form. Small companies, which are making the leap to computerized systems and digital records, have now become hackers' main target. With limited budgets and few or no technical experts on staff, small businesses generally have weak security. Cyber criminals have taken notice. In 2010, the U.S. Secret Service and Verizon Communications Inc.'s forensic analysis unit, which investigates attacks, responded to a combined 761 data breaches, up from 141 in 2009. Of those, 482, or 63%, were at companies with 100 employees or fewer. Visa Inc. estimates about 95% of the credit-card data breaches it discovers are on its smallest business customers. Read more at: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304567604576454173706460768.html

On September 12, 2011, the EU Council voted to extend the copyright on sound recordings from 50 to 70 years. The move follows a campaign by artists like Cliff Richard as well as lesser-known performers, who said they should continue to earn from their creations. Critics argue that many musicians will see little benefit, with most income going to big stars and record labels. The change applies to the copyright on studio recordings, which is often owned by record labels, rather than the right to the composition, which is owned by the songwriters. Under the 50-year rule, the copyright on songs by The Beatles, the Rolling Stones and The Who would have expired in the next few years. That would have meant that anyone could have used and sold those songs in any way, and the performers and record labels would have ceased to receive royalties.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14882146

Copyright law of the European Union http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union

This Day in History September 21
1981: Sandra Day O'Connor is unanimously approved by the U.S. Senate as the first female Supreme Court justice.
Today’s Featured Birthday Author Stephen King (64)
Daily Quote “Adapt or perish, now as ever, is nature's inexorable imperative.” H. G. Wells, who was born on this date in 1866. http://www.wickedlocal.com/arlington/newsnow/x462618688/Morning-Minutes-Sept-21#axzz1YaiK3PbO

Right before Prohibition, the Sandusky, Ohio area was third in the nation in wine prodution. With passage of the 18th Amendment and the National Prohibition Act (Volstead Act), wineries were forced to close their doors, supply grapes to Welch's or make juice for consumers. Route 60 in Vermilion was once shouldered by acres of vineyards, which is apparent by names of buildings and shopping centers. Old vines are still encountered when land is cleared. In Ashtabula County you find unpaved roads and covered bridges about an hour east of Cleveland. Ashtabula County is home to over half of the wine grape acreage in Ohio. West of Cleveland, European immigrants discovered Lake Erie's moderating climate. Today, more than 40 wineries range along Lake Erie's shores and on the islands.
Ohio's Lake Erie Wineries (Images of America series)

Images of America series by Arcadia Publishing--search the catalog ten different ways, including by keyword, title and state. http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=SRCH&srch_series=1&sort=name.asc&Search=Images%20of%20America

Wine consumption in America has been both encouraged and despised by different demographic groups. Spanish missionaries produced the earliest New World wine during the early 17th Century. Shortly thereafter, French immigrants began to cultivate grapes in the Hudson River Valley. They made wine, juice, and preserves. The early history of wine consumption in America was dominated by immigrants whom were primarily Catholic, and of Central or Southern European descent. The bulk of wine-drinking immigrants came from the wine loving nations of France, Italy, Germany, and Spain. They descended from cultural traditions that valued social wine consumption with the evening meal. The aforementioned wine drinkers were counterbalanced by immigrants from Northern Europe. Many held Puritan belief systems that discouraged or banned alcohol consumption of any kind. In response to the massive outcry of many Americans against alcohol consumption, Congress passed the 18th Amendment in 1917. It banned the commercial production and sale of alcohol in America. The Volstead Act was ratified in 1920 and expounded on the actual implementation of Prohibition. It also mandated several loopholes in alcohol production and consumption. Physicians could prescribe alcohol and it could be consumed for religious purposes. Additionally, a head of household was legally allowed to produce 200 gallons of wine a year for personal use. This was largely a concession to the significant Italian-American electorate. Because of the Volstead Act, American wine consumption actually increased during Prohibition. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Curious-History-Of-Wine-Consumption-In-America&id=10174
An idiom is a common, everyday phrase or expression or saying whose meaning cannot be understood by the individual words or elements, a phrase, proverb, or slang that is peculiar to a people or to a district, community or class. This is demonstrated by the American - English meaning of the idiom Get a kick out of something, to derive real pleasure and excitement.
http://www.quotations.me.uk/famous-idioms/89-get-a-kick-out-of-idiom.htm

"I Get a Kick Out of You" is a song by Cole Porter, originally featured in the Broadway musical Anything Goes and the movie of the same name. Originally sung by Ethel Merman, it has been covered by performers including Frank Sinatra, Billie Holiday, Peggy Lee, Marlene Dietrich, Cesare Siepi, Dinah Washington, Bobby Short, Louis Armstrong, Erroll Garner, Ella Fitzgerald, Mary Martin, Anita O`Day, Rosemary Clooney, Margaret Whiting, Django Reinhardt, Gary Shearston, Jamie Cullum, The Living End, Dolly Parton, Dwele, Joan Morris, Shirley Bassey, The Gutter Twins and Lisa Ekdahl. A version sung by Porter himself was featured in the video game Fallout 3. The lyrics were first altered shortly after being written. See references in popular culture at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Get_a_Kick_out_of_You

While viewing DailySource.org ("top news from around the Net") http://www.dailysource.org/ I noticed on the left side a way to go various topics. I clicked on arts and went to: http://www.artsjournal.com/ There I found the following article on Rodin's most reconizable sculpture, The Thinker: A cast of Auguste Rodin's famous The Thinker sculpture has been vandalised in Buenos Aires. The bronze work, which is the third of 22 sculptures from the original mould, was spray-painted pink and given green hair and a shoulder tattoo. Government officials blasting the sculpture with water to remove the paint. Art expert Cristina Lancellotti said the cleaning may have done more harm than good "because irreversible damage could result to the original patination". The bluish-green patina that forms on the surface of bronze objects over time, due to oxidation, gives the metal artwork its unique look. The original bronze and marble statue is on display at the Rodin Museum in Paris, while other casts can be found around the world, including sites in Japan and Brussels. Find picture and related stories at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14850493

Most Paris bistros serve at least one verrine: a multi-textured salad or dessert layered in a glass. Find recipe for zucchini tomato verrine ("salad in a glass") from Béatrice Peltre of the blog La Tartine Gourmande at: http://www.foodandwine.com/recipes/zucchini-tomato-verrines

One of the most famous buildings in the world now has a new claim to fame. New York City’s Empire State Building has just received LEED Gold certification for existing buildings from the U.S. Green Building Council. The Empire State Building owes its new LEED certification to a retrofit model created by the team of Clinton Climate Initiative, Johnson Controls, Jones Lang LaSalle and the Rocky Mountain Institute. This analytical model is a non-proprietary, open-source model that is and quantifiable, and is currently being replicated on other properties around the world. The retrofit is guaranteed to reduce the building’s energy consumption by more than 38 percent and should save $4.4 million in energy costs annually, according a press release from Jones Lang LaSalle. http://greenbuildingelements.com/2011/09/19/empire-state-building-achieves-leed-gold-certification/

Xu Bing, one of China's best-known contemporary artists, didn't think it would be hard to get materials for an exhibit about tobacco in Richmond, a city whose ties to the leaf run long and deep. His installation opened September 10, 2011 at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. It explores the history, culture, and links between the tobacco industries in the U.S. and China . Mr. Xu was optimistic about finding 500,000 cigarettes for a 40-by-15 foot "Tiger Carpet"; a 40-foot-long uncut cigarette to be stretched—and burned—across the length of a reproduction of an ancient Chinese scroll; and 440 pounds of tobacco leaves compressed into a cube, with raised letters reading, "Light as Smoke." The VMFA spent months searching for a manufacturer to make a long cigarette, a process that involves adjusting equipment to avoid cutting a tube into cigarette lengths. Then the museum faced another problem: The cigarette was made of self-extinguishing paper to conform to fire-safety regulations. And the curator of Mr. Xu's "Tobacco Project" had to arrange to have the museum's heating and air-conditioning system temporarily expel rather than re-circulate air in the building when the long cigarette was burned. Though museum patrons once smoked free cigarettes at exhibit openings, today the museum has a strict no-smoking policy. To buy the half-million cigarettes for the carpet, the VMFA turned to a retired tobacco executive and family friend of Carolyn Hsu-Balcer, a former museum trustee who lured Mr. Xu to the museum. The friend, Marvin Coghill, worked his contacts to negotiate the discount purchase of a brand called 1st Class. He took pains to assure the manufacturer, a unit of Raleigh, N.C.-based U.S. Tobacco Cooperative Inc., that the museum would pay state tax. "I convinced them it wasn't someone buying and reselling cigarettes," Mr. Coghill says. Contacts of Mr. Coghill's also churned out and donated the 40-foot long cigarette. But it was made with self-extinguishing paper, and Mr. Xu wasn't sure it would burn well alone. So he burned a nonextinguishing version that he found in China. See picture and more of the story at:
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904103404576560600160773970.html

Lyon-style chicken with vinegar sauce from April Bloomfield, chef and co-owner of three New York City restaurants
http://www.foodandwine.com/recipes/lyon-style-chicken-with-vinegar-sauce

Search Google Scholar for articles. Include patents and legal opinions and journals in your search if desired. http://scholar.google.com/ Samples searches on September 12 for "propietary databases" in articles produced 2,810. When patents were included, I got 4,890. When I searched the subject for legal opinions and journals, the result was 139.

Families that can’t afford to pay from $30 per month for Comcast’s Internet access services now have a less expensive alternative. The cable provider launched a new plan dubbed Internet Essentials, which will cost low-income families only $10 per month for Web access. The new service is part of Comcast’s bid to comply with regulators who required the company to help poor families connect to the Internet in exchange for approval of the acquisition of NBC Universal. Families have to meet four different criteria in order to benefit from Comcast’s Internet Essentials. One of the children has to be enrolled in the National School Lunch Program; families have to be in one of the 39 states Comcast serves; they can’t have had Internet service from the company 90 days prior to joining the program; and can’t have any overdue Comcast bills or unreturned equipment. Once enrolled, Comcast also offers vouchers towards a budget computer worth $150. http://www.pcworld.com/article/237477/comcast_offers_10_a_month_internet_option_for_lowincome_families.html

Three Sam Spades Dashiell Hammett's 1930 novel The Maltese Falcon--starring the quintessential hard-boiled private detective, Sam Spade--was adapted for the screen not once, but three times: The Maltese Falcon (also known as Dangerous Female) directed by Roy Del Ruth (1931); Satan Met a Lady directed by William Dieterle (1936); and The Maltese Falcon directed by John Huston (1941). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7139/is_200804/ai_n32266621/?tag=mantle_skin;content

A recently discovered planet about 200 light years from Earth reportedly orbits two different suns. This is the first time researchers have witnessed a planet with two stars. The Kepler 16b planet has two suns that orbit one another in 35 days. If a person visited Kepler 16b, they would be greeted by a sky that featured two prominent stars -- and circles both stars in 229 days. The findings were published in Science, and were made using the Kepler space telescope. The Kepler program aims to continue searching for planets similar to Earth that also orbit stars, along with studying how many stars have bodies currently orbiting them. http://www.dailytech.com/Star+Wars+Planet+With+Two+Suns+Discovered/article22756c.htm

MIT OpenCourseWare is a free publication of MIT course materials that reflects almost all the undergraduate and graduate subjects taught at MIT. OCW is not an MIT education. OCW does not grant degrees or certificates. OCW does not provide access to MIT faculty. Materials may not reflect entire content of the course. A site overview is available for MIT OpenCourseWare. You can also browse courses by department or use the advanced search to locate a specific course or topic. High school students and educators should check out Highlights for High School.
http://ocw.mit.edu/about/

The last Ford Crown Victoria rolled off a Canadian assembly line September 15, marking the end of the big, heavy Ford cars that have been popular with taxi fleets and police departments for decades. Since 1979, almost 10 million Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis and Lincoln Town Cars -- so-called Panther Platform vehicles -- have been sold. Demand for better fuel economy and performance has choked off sales over the years. The Crown Victoria and Town Car get just 24 miles per gallon on the highway, a figure matched by some large three-row SUVs today. "Production levels at the [Ontario, Canada] plant have declined by 60 percent in the last decade as customer preferences shifted to smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles," Ford said in its announcement. With the last car rolling of the line Thursday, all production will stop. The automaker has started producing the specially designed Taurus Police Interceptor to replace the Crown Victoria that had been America's most popular police car. Seeing an opportunity, Chrysler Group and General Motors (GM, Fortune 500) are also aggressively marketing their own police car options. Ford has also begun marketing the Transit Connect van as a taxi cab. It was was recently approved for that use use in New York City, but in the longer term New York has agreed to a deal with Nissan to produce what, beginning in 2013, will be the sole New York City taxi option. http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/15/autos/last_crown_victoria/?source=cnn_bin

President Obama’s signing of the Patent Reform Act delivers for all intents and purposes a death knell to a peculiar kind of patent lawsuit: false marking cases. The cases have targeted the manufactures of everything from Frisbees to mascara to paper cups — and the Original Wooly Willy — for being labeled with numbers of patents that are expired. Consumer products manufacturers were spooked after a federal court of appeals ruling in December 2009 said companies could be liable for up to $500 for each individual product marked with an expired number. The new law delivers the old one-two punch to false marking cases, smacking them down on a couple levels. First, it says only the government can file the suits without alleging competitive injury. Previously the suits had qui tam provisions meaning plaintiffs would split the proceeds with Uncle Sam. Next, the law says essentially that expired patent labels don’t constitute false marking. In the most general of terms, it defines false marking as labeling a product with a patent that doesn’t cover the product.
http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/09/16/rip-false-marking-case-as-we-know-them/

Reaction to The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You by Eli Pariser and identical searches done on Google by two Toledo area librarians bringing different results
Search engines are studying our online activity, and the easy answer is that they are targeting us for advertising, but that doesn't explain the difference in news articles, and the difference in sources--some nonpartisan and some not. Why
would news be tailored to what we agree with already? Something that I find of great interest is how willing people are to share their personal and professional lives with the entire world. You thought credit card ID theft was bad? Wait until folks begin assuming identities based on Facebook and LinkedIn profiles. Plus with Facebook, as I understand it, everything posted on Facebook is owned by the company, not the poster. Not only is Facebook amassing a huge amount of data on people, again, as I understand it, they then can use that data as they wish. For example that cute picture of your child on your Facebook page could be used on a billboard advertising lice treatment.

Hamilton Grange National Memorial, located in St Nicholas Park at West 141st Street and St Nicholas Avenue in Hamilton Heights - West Harlem, preserves the home of founding father Alexander Hamilton. Born and raised in the West Indies, Hamilton came to New York in 1772 at age 17 to study finance at King's College (now Columbia University). Hamilton became a supporter of the cause of the American patriots during the political turmoil of the 1770s. Commissioned as a Captain of Artillery at the beginning of the American Revolution, he soon became an aide-de-camp to George Washington. After the war, as a member of Congress, Hamilton was instrumental in creating the new Constitution. As co-author of the Federalist Papers he was indispensable in the effort to get the Constitution adopted. As the first Secretary of the Treasury (1789-1795) he devised plans for funding the national debt, securing federal credit, encouraging expansion of manufacturing and organizing the federal bank. Hamilton commissioned architect John McComb Jr. to design a Federal style country home on a sprawling 32 acre estate in upper Manhattan. This house was completed in 1802 and named "The Grange" after the Hamilton family's ancestral home in Scotland, but served as his home for only two years. The home reopens to the public on September 17. http://www.harlemonestop.com/organization.php?id=7

In recent years, few museums have weathered rough times as publicly as the National Academy Museum on Manhattan's Upper East Side. Lackluster exhibitions, low attendance, annual operating deficits and a dearth of donors were suddenly compounded in 2008, when the NAM sold two Hudson River School paintings from its collection to help pay bills. In swift response, the Association of Art Museum Directors, a professional group of North America's largest museums whose ethics standards prohibit art sales for any reason other than buying more art, barred its nearly 200 members from lending art to the NAM. These sanctions forced the museum to cancel shows and made ambitious exhibitions impossible. This month, Carmine Branagan, the National Academy's petite, self-assured director, hopes to put all that behind her. Over the past year, the National Academy has been renovated to give its Beaux Arts townhouse museum on Fifth Avenue a more welcoming lobby, upgrade its galleries and create more exhibition space in its adjacent National Academy School. The museum, which will reopen September 16 with six exhibits, is no longer a pariah, though it remains on probation until 2014 while it meets other stipulations, notably more fund raising. http://www.judithdobrzynski.com/10312/the-academy-dilemma

The real threat of contagion by W. Ian Lipkin
I ADMIT I was wary when I was approached, late in 2008, about working on a movie with the director Steven Soderbergh about a flulike pandemic. It seemed that every few years a filmmaker imagined a world in which a virus transformed humans into flesh-eating zombies, or scientists discovered and delivered the cure for a lethal infectious disease in an impossibly short period of time. Then I discovered that Mr. Soderbergh and the screenwriter on the project, Scott Z. Burns, agreed with me. They were determined to make a movie — “Contagion,”— that didn’t distort reality but did convey the risks that we all face from emerging infectious diseases. Those risks are very real — and are increasing drastically. More than three-quarters of all emerging infectious diseases originate when microbes jump from wildlife to humans. Our vulnerability to such diseases has been heightened by the growth in international travel and the globalization of food production. In addition, deforestation and urbanization continue to displace wildlife, increasing the probability that wild creatures will come in contact with domesticated animals and humans. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/12/opinion/the-real-threat-of-contagion.html

September 13, 2011 Contact: David Sellers, 202-502-2600
The Judicial Conference of the United States today adopted a national policy that encourages federal courts to limit those instances in which they seal entire civil case files. Any order sealing an entire civil case should contain findings justifying the sealing, and the seal should be lifted when the reason for sealing has ended, the policy says. The Conference also endorsed modifying the Judiciary's Case Management/Electronic Case Files system to include a mechanism "that would remind judges to review cases under seal annually." In separate action, the Conference responded to inflationary pressures by increasing, effective November 1, certain miscellaneous fees for federal courts. The newly approved court fee schedule, the first inflationary increase in eight years, is expected to result in an estimated $10.5 million in additional fee revenue for fiscal year 2012. Fees in appeals, district, and bankruptcy courts are affected. The income the Judiciary receives through miscellaneous fees allows it to reduce its annual appropriations request to Congress. The Conference also authorized an increase in the Judiciary's electronic public access fee in response to increasing costs for maintaining and enhancing the electronic public access system. The increase in the electronic public access (EPA) fee, from $.08 to $.10 per page, is needed to continue to support and improve the Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) system, and to develop and implement the next generation of the Judiciary's Case Management/Electronic Case Filing system. http://www.uscourts.gov/News/NewsView/11-09-13/Conference_Approves_Standards_Procedures_for_Sealing_Civil_Cases.aspx

A new fossil crocodile species has turned up in the same Colombian coal mine as the world’s largest known snake. Sixty million years ago, the 20-foot freshwater crocodile shared the rivers of South America’s forests with the Titanoboa, a snake that could grow over 40 feet long, also extinct. The crocodile described in Palaeontology Sept. 15, has a long, narrow snout full of sharp teeth. Paleontologists believe it hunted lungfish and bonefish relatives, making Acherontisuchus guajiraensis the first tropical New World land animal specialized to eat fish, both a competitor to the giant boa and possibly its prey. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/09/ancient-crocodile-uncovered/

Filtered Bubble – Your View Of The World abstract of blog posted in May 2011
It may never have occurred to you, that your web experience is being tailored to your views. That might sound like a good thing at first, but if you consider that information that you might not like, but would still rather be expose to is being filtered out before you have the chance to decided if you want to see it or not. The filtered bubble is your internet experience. This 9-minute TED talk Pariser: Beware online "filter bubbles" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8ofWFx525s gives a really good idea of what and why this is happening. I have long believed that we are further apart on political and social issues, there is a greater divide, because we have many news outlets (radio, tv, and print media), that are producing content to suit a certain segment of consumers. Thereby, not providing truly balanced or diverse pieces. This has the effect of consumer only tuning to outlets that pander to the views they already hold. http://lorrev.org/blogs/verrol/?p=85

In reaction to filtered bubble, two different people ran Google searches on September 13 and 14:
egypt israel 2011 by 1st searcher
1. Egypt acts on border region as Israel tensions linger | Reuters
www.reuters.com/.../2011/.../us-egypt-israel-idUSTRE77J1Y620110...
2. Why Egypt worries Israel - Paul Wells - Macleans.ca
www2.macleans.ca/2011/02/11/a-nation-filled-with-fear/
3. Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Israel_Peace_Treaty
4. News for egypt israel 2011
• Facebook Page Calls for Action Against Israeli Embassy in Amman
24 related articles
• Turkish PM throws weight behind Arab cause
Reuters - 5047 related articles
• Israeli leader orders Egypt barrier finished
CBS News - 90 related articles
5. Crisis in Egypt Tests U.S. Ties With Israel - NYTimes.com
www.nytimes.com/2011/02/05/world/middleeast/05israel.html
6. Egypt's Israel Problem by Yasmine El Rashidi | NYRblog | The New ...
www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/sep/.../egypts-israel-proble...
7. Israel shocked by Obama's betrayal of Mubarak | Reuters
www.reuters.com/.../2011/.../us-egypt-israel-usa-idUSTRE70U5372...
8. Analysis: Row over killings shows Egypt-Israel ties cooling | Reuters
www.reuters.com/.../2011/.../us-egypt-israel-ties-idUSTRE77K2FG2...
9. Bolton: If Mubarak falls in Egypt, Israel should bomb Iran | The Raw ...
www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/.../bolton-israel-bomb-iran-mubarak-fal...
10. Egypt, Israel seek normality after embassy storming | Reuters
www.reuters.com/.../2011/.../us-egypt-israel-security-...
11. Archived-Articles: Egypt and Israel's Changing Defense Strategy
www.americanthinker.com/2011/.../egypt_and_israels_changing_de...
Ad on the side: Tour Israel Petra & Egypt

egypt israel 2011 by 2d searcher
1. News for egypt israel 2011
Facebook Page Calls for Action Against Israeli Embassy in Amman
Fox News
46 related articles
Embassy attack in Egypt stokes Israeli fears of new Egypt
Jewish Telegraphic Agency - 5056 related articles
Israeli leader orders Egypt barrier finished
CBS News - 95 related articles
2. Analysis: Row over killings shows Egypt-Israel ties cooling | Reuters
www.reuters.com/.../2011/.../us-egypt-israel-ties-idUSTRE77K2FG2...
3. Egypt, Israel seek normality after embassy storming | Reuters
www.reuters.com/.../2011/.../us-egypt-israel-security-..
Show more results from reuters.com
4. Egypt and Israel Move to Halt Growth of Crisis - NYTimes.com
www.nytimes.com/2011/08/22/world/middleeast/22egypt.html
5. Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Israel_Peace_Treaty
6. Egypt–Israel relations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Israel_relations
7. Egypt's Israel Problem by Yasmine El Rashidi | NYRblog | The New ...
www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/sep/.../egypts-israel-proble...
8. Egyptians Protest Israeli Embassy Photos
cryptome.org/info/egypt-israel/egypt-israel.htm
9. Holy Land Travel | Egypt, Jordan & Israel Tour 2011-12 | Visit Egypt ...
www.topdeck.travel/middle-east.../egypt.../egypt-jordan-and-israel
10. Israel Tours, Egypt, Petra, Turkey, Holy Land Tours at Great Prices
www.israeltourismconsultants.com/
11. Will The Peace Hold Between Egypt And Israel? | Fox News
www.foxnews.com/opinion/2011/02/11/peace-hold-egypt-israel/
Ad at the top: Tour Israel Petra & Egypt

charles hall aluminum by first searcher
1. Charles Martin Hall - The History of Aluminum
inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blaluminum.htm
2. Charles Martin Hall - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martin_Hall
3. Charles Martin Hall
www.oberlin.edu/~EOG/OYTT-images/CMHall.html -
4. Paul Héroult, Charles M. Hall, and Julia Brainerd Hall | Chemical ...
www.chemheritage.org/discover/chemistry.../heroult
5. Charles Martin Hall
corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/HallBio.htm
6. Charles Hall - Chemistry Encyclopedia - elements, metal
www.chemistryexplained.com › Ge-Hy
7. Charles Martin ... - Invent Now | Hall of Fame | Search | Inventor Profile
www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/72.html
8. Oberlin College celebrates Charles Martin Hall's aluminum ...
chronicle.northcoastnow.com/.../oberlin-college-celebrates-charles-...
9. Commercialization of Aluminum
portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/education/.../WPCP_011259
10. April 2, 1889: Aluminum Process Foils Steep Prices
www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/.../dayintech_0402

charles hall aluminum by 2d searcher
1. Charles Martin Hall - The History of Aluminum
inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blaluminum.htm
2. Charles Martin Hall - Chemistry - About.com
chemistry.about.com/od/.../p/charles-martin-hall-bio.htm
Show more results from about.com
3. Charles Martin Hall - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martin_Hall
Biography - Recognition - Patents - References
4. Charles Martin Hall
www.oberlin.edu/~EOG/OYTT-images/CMHall.html
5. Charles Martin Hall: 125 Years to the Day – The Source – Oberlin ...
https://oncampus.oberlin.edu/.../charles-martin-hall-125-years-day
Show more results from oberlin.edu
6. Paul Héroult, Charles M. Hall, and Julia Brainerd Hall | Chemical ...
www.chemheritage.org/discover/chemistry.../heroult-hall-hall.aspx
7. Charles Martin Hall
corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/HallBio.htm
8. Aluminum production
corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Aluminum.htm
9. Charles Hall - Chemistry Encyclopedia - elements, metal
www.chemistryexplained.com
10. Charles Martin ... - Invent Now | Hall of Fame | Search | Inventor Profile
www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/72.html

What are combining forms? You can think of them as Lego (from Danish, leg: play + godt: well) bricks of language. As the term indicates, a combining form is a linguistic atom that occurs only in combination with some other form which could be a word, another combining form, or an affix (unlike a combining form, an affix can't attach to another affix).
iridescent (ir-i-DES-uhnt) adjective
Displaying a rainbow of colors that change when seen from different angles.
From Latin irido- (rainbow), from iris (rainbow, iris plant, diaphragm of the eye), from Greek iris. Iris was the goddess of rainbows in Greek mythology. Earliest documented use: 1794.
heterodox (HET-uhr-uh-doks) adjective
1. Different from established beliefs or opinions.
2. Holding unorthodox opinions.
From Greek hetero- (different) + doxa (opinion), from dokein (to think). Ultimately from the Indo-European root dek- (to take or accept), which is also the root of words such as paradox, orthodox, doctor, disciple, discipline, doctrine, dogma, decent, decorate, dignity, disdain, condign, and deign. Earliest documented use: 1619. A.Word.A.Day with Anu Garg

Pneumatic tubes (or capsule pipelines; also known as Pneumatic Tube Transport or PTT) are systems in which cylindrical containers are propelled through a network of tubes by compressed air or by partial vacuum. They are used for transporting solid objects, as opposed to conventional pipelines, which transport fluids. Pneumatic tube networks gained great prominence in the late 19th and early 20th century for businesses or administrations that needed to transport small but urgent packages (such as mail or money) over relatively short distances (within a building, or, at most, within a city). Some of these systems grew to great complexity, but they were eventually superseded by more modern methods of communication and courier transport, and are now much rarer than before. However, in some settings, such as hospitals, they remain of great use, and have been extended and developed further technologically in recent decades. Pneumatics can be traced back to Hero of Alexandria in the 1st century AD, though there was apparently no thought of using them to move objects through pipes. Find images,mentions in fiction, and many links at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_tube#cite_note-STAN-0

The Avac, manufactured by Envac of Sweden, is New York’s only pneumatic garbage-collection system. Designed in the late nineteen-sixties to service Roosevelt Island’s housing developments, the system runs under all the island’s high-rises. When people throw their garbage down the trash chutes, it piles up for several hours, until a trapdoor opens, sucking the waste into a big underground pipe. Then a complex system of air valves propels the garbage through the pipe at speeds of up to sixty miles per hour. When the trash resurfaces at the Avac center, a squat building at the northern tip of the island, it is dumped into two silo-shaped cyclones, where it is spun like cotton candy and then whooshed down chutes into huge containers. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/11/17/031117ta_talk_taylor

In 1969, officials in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania's capital city, raised $12.5 million to build a trash incinerator that generates electricity. Since then, officials have borrowed at least 11 more times, according to the city controller and bond documents, swelling the facility's debt to $310 million. Investment banks, lawyers and advisers collected fees for assembling the deals, and Harrisburg guaranteed most of the debt in return for its own share of the money. Much of the proceeds from bond sales that sank the incinerator deeper into debt went to refinance old bonds and for a retrofit that went awry. Incinerator revenue now exceeds operating expenses, and it has been praised as one of the nation's most successful waste-to-energy facilities. But business isn't good enough—and might never be—to cover debt payments. Harrisburg's plight is an example of how easy money flowed into municipal governments for decades as government officials sought financing for ambitious projects and Wall Street firms obliged by selling the bonds to investors. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903532804576564882240033792.html

Warner Bros.' and director Alan Crosland's The Jazz Singer (1927) is an historic milestone film and cinematic landmark. Most people associate this film with the advent of sound pictures, although Don Juan (1926), a John Barrymore silent film, also had a synchronized musical score performed by the New York Philharmonic and sound effects using Vitaphone's system. It should be made clear that this film was not the first sound film, nor the first 'talkie' film or the first movie musical. The wildly successful "photo-dramatic production" was based upon Samson Raphaelson's 1921 short story "The Day of Atonement" (also the basis for Raphaelson's popular 1926 Broadway play of the same name), and adapted for the screen by Alfred A. Cohn. Although the film was ruled ineligible in the Best Picture category (it was thought unfair for a sound film to compete with silents), Warner Bros.' production head Darryl F. Zanuck was presented with a special Oscar at the very first Academy Awards ceremony in May of 1929, "for producing The Jazz Singer, the pioneer outstanding talking picture, which has revolutionized the industry." The film was remade twice: Warners' and director Michael Curtiz' The Jazz Singer (1952) with Danny Thomas (as Jerry Golding) and Peggy Lee (as Judy Lane), and director Richard Fleischer's The Jazz Singer (1980) with singer-songwriter Neil Diamond in the lead role as the cantor's son with legendary co-star Laurence Olivier as his father.
http://www.filmsite.org/jazz.html

A card sharp (informally cardsharp, card shark, card snark or cardshark) is a person who uses skill and deception to win at poker or other card games. Sharp, Snark, or Shark appears to be interchangeable based on region and local dialect. The label is not always intended as pejorative, and is sometimes used to refer to practitioners of card tricks for entertainment purposes. In general usage, principally in American English and more commonly with the "shark" spelling and much less frequently with "snark", the term has also taken on the meaning of "expert card gambler who takes advantage of less-skilled players", without implication of actual cheating at cards, in much the same way that "pool shark" or "pool hustler" can (especially when used by non-players) be intended to mean "skilled player" rather than "swindler". According to the prevailing etymological theory, the term "shark", originally meaning "parasite" or "one who preys upon others" (cf. loan shark), derives from German Schorke/Schurke ("rogue" or "rascal"), as did the English word "shirk[er]". "Sharp" developed in the 17th century from this meaning of "shark" (as apparently did the use of "shark" as a name for the fish), but the phrase "card sharp" predates the variant "card shark". See pictures of The Cardsharps by Caravaggio and The Cardsharks by van Honthorst at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_sharp

The U.S. is currently home to the largest producers of small wind turbines, and they both export their products and sell them domestically. According to the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), the number of installed micro wind turbines has doubled during the last three years. The organization expects they will have quadrupled by 2015. That amount of capacity would be the equivalent of one nuclear plant’s energy output. http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/wind-industry-sees-big-potential-for-little-turbines/

See descriptions of urban wind energy technology plus pictures from a 2006 survey at: http://extension.ucdavis.edu/unit/green_building_and_sustainability/pdf/resources/arch_wind_power.pdf

Scarface (also known as Scarface: The Shame of the Nation and The Shame of a Nation) is a 1932 American gangster film starring Paul Muni and George Raft, produced by Howard Hughes, directed by Howard Hawks and Richard Rosson. The film was adapted by Ben Hecht, Seton I. Miller, John Lee Mahin, and W. R. Burnett from Armitage Trail's 1929 novel Scarface. Trail, whose real name was Maurice Coons, wrote for a number of detective-story magazines during the early 20s. At the age of 28, however, Trail, who struggled with morbid obesity throughout his life, died of a heart attack shortly before the release of the 1932 film. The film is loosely based upon the life of Al Capone (whose nickname was "Scarface"). Capone was rumored to have liked the film so much that he owned a print of it. Ben Hecht also said that Capone's men came to visit him to make sure that the film was not based on Capone's life. When he said the film was fictitious, the two men working for Capone left Hecht alone. After repeated demands for a script rewrite from the Hays Office, Howard Hughes ordered Hawks to shoot the film, and "make it as realistic, as grisly as possible." Hawks shot the film at three different locations: Metropolitan Studios, Harold Lloyd Studios and the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles. S hooting took three months with the cast and crew working seven days a week. Hawks decided to include an X symbol above each of Camonte's victims and offered each crew member a hundred dollars to think of a different way to depict the X for every murder. Several accidents happened on the set. Comedian Harold Lloyd's brother Gaylord Lloyd lost an eye when he visited the set and was accidentally shot with live ammunition. George Raft also received a head injury during the death scene of his character when he accidentally hit the door frame while he was slumping to the floor. The first version of the film (Version A) was completed on September 8, 1931, but censors would not allow its release until 1932, because of concerns that it glorified the gangster lifestyle and showed too much violence. Several scenes had to be edited, the subtitle "The Shame of the Nation" as well as a text introduction had to be added, and the ending had to be modified. However, this version still did not pass the New York censors, so Howard Hughes disowned this version and released a version as close as possible to the original version in the states that lacked strict censors and attempted to take the New York censors to court. Hughes also made an attempt to release the film under the title "The Scar" when the original title was disallowed by the Hays office.
This film was the basis for the Brian De Palma 1983 film of the same name starring Al Pacino. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarface_(1932_film)

In 1922, after some risque films and a series of off-screen scandals involving Hollywood stars, the studios enlisted Presbyterian elder Will H. Hays to rehabilitate Hollywood's image. Hollywood in the 1920s was expected to be somewhat corrupt, and many felt the movie industry had always been morally questionable. Political pressure was building, with legislators in 37 states introducing almost 100 movie censorship bills in 1921. Hays was paid the then-lavish sum of $100,000 a year. Hays, Postmaster General under Warren G. Harding and former head of the Republican National Committee, served for 25 years as president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), where he "defended the industry from attacks, recited soothing nostrums, and negotiated treaties to cease hostilities." The move mimicked the decision Major League Baseball had made in hiring judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis as League Commissioner the previous year to quell questions about the integrity of baseball in the wake of the 1919 World Series gambling scandal; The New York Times even called Hays the "screen Landis". Hays introduced a set of recommendations dubbed "The Formula" in 1924, which the studios were advised to heed, and asked filmmakers to describe to his office the plots of pictures they were planning on making. The Supreme Court had already decided unanimously in 1915 in Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio that free speech did not extend to motion pictures, and while there had been token attempts to clean up the movies before, such as when the studios formed the National Association of the Motion Picture Industry (NAMPI) in 1916, little had come of the efforts. New York became the first state to take advantage of the Supreme Court's decision by instituting a censorship board in 1921. Virginia followed suit the following year, with eight individual states having a board by the advent of sound film. But many of these were ineffectual. By the 1920s the New York Stage, a frequent source of subsequent screen material, had topless shows, performances filled with curse words, mature subject matters, and sexually suggestive dialogue. Early in the sound system conversion process, it became apparent that what might be acceptable in New York would not be so in Kansas. In 1927 Hays suggested studio executives form a committee to discuss film censorship. Irving G. Thalberg of Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM), Sol Wurtzel of Fox, and E. H. Allen of Paramount responded by collaborating on a list they called the "Don’ts and Be Carefuls" based on items that were challenged by local censor boards, and which consisted of eleven subjects best avoided, and twenty-six to be handled very carefully. The list was approved by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and Hays created the SRC to oversee its implementation. But there was still no way to enforce tenets. The controversy surrounding film standards came to a head in 1929. In 1929, lay Catholic Martin Quigley, who was editor of the Motion Picture Herald, a prominent trade paper, and Jesuit priest Father Daniel A. Lord, created a code of standards (which Hays liked immensely), and submitted it to the studios. Lord was particularly concerned with the effects of sound film on children, whom he considered especially susceptible to their allure. Several studio heads including Irving Thalberg of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), met with Lord and Quigley in February 1930. After some revisions, they agreed to the stipulations of the Code. One of the main motivating factors in adopting the Code was to avoid direct government intervention. It was the responsibility of the SRC headed by Colonel Jason S. Joy (a former American Red Cross executive) to supervise film production and advise the studios when changes or cuts were required. On March 31, the MPPDA agreed that it would abide by the Code. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code

Major Hollywood studios and distributors formed a trade association in 1922 called The Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA). The MPPDA pursued policies of self–regulation with regard to film content, arbitration, intra–industry relations, and negotiations with government entities. They agreed to voluntarily regulate film content by establishing a branch to oversee and control the moral values of the stories they filmed. Initially called The Studio Relations Committee (SRC), but eventually known as the "Hays Office", this branch of the MPPDA consolidated and synthesized the restrictions and eliminations that had been deemed necessary by state and foreign censors and, in 1927, produced a list of "Don'ts and Be Carefuls" to govern production. Members agreed to specifically avoid 11 objectionable topics and to treat 26 others with care and good taste. Studio compliance, however, was often weak and inconsistent because there were no penalties for not following this "code". For instance, of the 572 films submitted to the various censorship boards in 1928, only 42 passed review unscathed.
http://www.pictureshowman.com/articles_genhist_censorship.cfm

Ohio inventor Charles Martin Hall (1863-1914) had just graduated from Oberlin College in 1885 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry, when he invented his inexpensive method of manufacturing pure aluminum. In 1889 he patented
( U.S. patent #400,666) his method. Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist, was the first to produce tiny amounts of aluminum. Later, Friedrich Wöhler, a German chemist, developed a different way to obtain the metal. By 1845, he was able to produce samples large enough to determine some of aluminum's basic properties. Wöhler's method was improved in 1854 by Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville, a French chemist. Deville's process allowed for the commercial production of aluminum. As a result, the price of the metal dropped from around $1200 per kilogram in 1852 to around $40 per kilogram in 1859. Unfortunately, the metal remained too expensive to be widely used.
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blaluminum.htm

The Perkin Medal was established to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of mauveine. Today it is now widely acknowledged as the highest honour in American industrial chemistry. Sir William Perkin was a founding Member of the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) and this Medal was first presented in New York to Perkin himself. http://www.soci.org/Awards/America-Group-Awards/Perkin-Medal.aspx
Charles Hall was awarded the medal in 1911. See all recipients at: http://www.soci.org/Awards/America-Group-Awards/Recipients-Perkin.aspx

Website of the Day Roald Dahl: The Official Web Site www.roalddahl.com
Want to learn more about author Roald Dahl? Head to this official site, which has information on the author (today is his birthday; he was born in 1916), a list of his books, treats and more.
Number to Know 7: Number of Roald Dahl's children's books that have been made into movies. They are "James and the Giant Peach," "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory," "Fantastic Mr. Fox," "Danny, the Champion of the World," "The BFG," "The Witches" and "Matilda."
Daily Quote "Unless you have been to boarding school when you are very young, it is absolutely impossible to appreciate the delights of living at home." Roald Dahl
http://www.norwichbulletin.com/news/x219204169/Morning-Minutes-Sept-13#axzz1XpOu8Qs1

The National September 11 Memorial opens to the public Monday, September 12 -- a decade and a day after terror attacks brought down the twin towers of the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan. The memorial opened a day early on Sunday only to victims' family members and those attending the commemoration service at ground zero. The finished plaza is a calm spot in the midst of a busy construction zone for 1 World Trade Center -- the new skyscraper rising above the site. The focal points of the memorial are a pair of granite reflecting pools -- "voids," as designer Michael Arad calls them -- that plunge into the earth. Located on the footprints of the old twin towers, they are open-topped cubes, nearly an acre in size. Their walls are clad in dark granite, surrounded by brass parapets engraved with nearly 3,000 names: those killed on September 11, 2001, in New York, Washington and Shanksville, Pennsylvania, as well as in a 1993 attack on the World Trade Center. The largest man-made waterfalls in North America wash over the dark granite, flowing from beneath the etched names into the pools below. http://news.google.com/nwshp?hl=en&tab=wn

Special Peace Issue from A.Word.A.Day published September 20, 2001 http://wordsmith.org/awad/awadmail48.html

Tea is the agricultural product of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of various cultivars and sub-varieties of the Camellia sinensis plant, processed and cured using various methods. "Tea" also refers to the aromatic beverage prepared from the cured leaves by combination with hot or boiling water, and is the common name for the Camellia sinensis plant itself. After water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Camellia sinensis is an evergreen plant that grows mainly in tropical and sub-tropical climates. Nevertheless, some varieties can also tolerate marine climates and are cultivated as far north as Pembrokeshire in the British mainland and Washington in the United States. Tea is traditionally classified based on the techniques with which it is produced and processed.
White tea: Wilted and unoxidized
Yellow tea: Unwilted and unoxidized, but allowed to yellow
Green tea: Unwilted and unoxidized
Oolong: Wilted, bruised, and partially oxidized
Black tea: Wilted, sometimes crushed, and fully oxidized
Post-fermented tea: Green tea that has been allowed to ferment/compost
See much more including pictures at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea

There is, perhaps, no more uplifting musical experience than hearing the “Hallelujah” chorus from Handel’s “Messiah” performed in a perfect space. Many critics regard Symphony Hall in Boston — 70 feet wide, 120 feet long and 65 feet high — as just that space. Some 3,000 miles away, however, a visitor led into the pitch-blackness of Chris Kyriakakis’s audio lab at the University of Southern California to hear a recording of the performance would have no way to know how big the room was. Acousticians have been designing concert halls for more than a century, but Dr. Kyriakakis does something different. He shapes the sound of music to conform to the space in which it is played. The goal is what Dr. Kyriakakis calls the “ground truth” — to replicate the original in every respect. “We remove the room,” he said, “so the ground truth can be delivered.” Dr. Kyriakakis, an electrical engineer at U.S.C. and the founder and chief technical officer of Audyssey Laboratories, a Los Angeles-based audio firm, could not achieve his results without modern sound filters and digital microprocessors. But the basis of his technique is rooted in the science of psychoacoustics, the study of sound perception by the human auditory system. “It’s about the human ear and the human brain, and understanding how the human ear perceives sound,” Dr. Kyriakakis said. Dr. Kyriakakis and his students went to Boston Symphony Hall in 1998 to conduct a series of sound tests and to record the “Messiah.” At that time, acousticians had long known that a shoebox-shaped concert hall like Boston’s offered the best sound, but what was important for Dr. Kyriakakis was to know why the human ear and the human brain that processed the signal felt that way. Back in Los Angeles, his team began a series of simple experiments. Listeners were invited into the labs to hear the Boston tests and music and to rate the sound, using a scale of 1 to 5. Researchers shifted the sound to different combinations of speakers around the room. Statistics showed that speakers directly ahead, combined with speakers 55 degrees to either side of the listener, provided the most attractive soundstage. The “wide” speakers mimicked the reflection from the side walls of the concert hall by causing the sound to arrive at the listener’s ears milliseconds after the sound from the front. Sound from other angles did not have as great an effect. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/science/06sound.html

Vegetable of the month: beans From the royal tombs of ancient Egypt to the Old Testament cultivation, preparation, and consumption of beans are recognized. In some Eastern cultures, legumes were a basic dietary staple that can be traced back more than 20,000 years. The lima and pinto bean were cultivated for the first time in the very earliest Mexican and Peruvian civilizations more than 5,000 years ago, being popular in both the Aztec and Inca cultures. The United States is by far the world leader in dry bean production. Each year, U.S. farmers plant from 1.5 to 1.7 million acres of edible dry beans. And while Americans are the chief consumers of these beans, 40 percent are shipped to international markets in more than 100 different countries around the globe.
http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/month/beans.html

Bucky Katt quote I tried to be open-minded once. It interfered with my sense of humor. Get Fuzzy comic strip September 10,2011

Word of the Day Grimalkin grih-MAWL-kin (noun) A domestic cat, especially an old female cat www.merriam-webster.com
Website of the Day Jesse Owens Olympic Legend www.jesseowens.com
September 12 is the birthday of Jesse Owens - one of the greatest Olympians in history - take some time to learn about this phenomenal man and athlete. Did you know that he went to Ohio State University? Did you know that he essentially embarrassed Adolf Hitler by winning four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games? http://www.norwichbulletin.com/topnews/x1069112601/Morning-Minutes-Sept-12#axzz1XjZ6a8Te